Table 2. Hormones, Cytokines, and Metabolites.
| All results presented as medians (25 thth, 75th percentile). | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Obese | Lean | p-value | ||
| Hormones | N=74 | N=67 | ||
| Insulin (μUI/mL) | 22.01(15.71,30.14) | 9.99(8.36,13.51) | <0.0001 | |
| C-peptide (ng/mL) | 3.62(2.71,4.58) | 1.90(1.59,2.34) | <0.0001 | |
| Glucagon (pg/mL) | 91.18(79.63,120.72) | 68.92(56.08,89.58) | <0.0001 | |
| GIP (pg/mL) | 43.99(26.28,62.25) | 29.58 (20.39,44.90) | 0.0011 | |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 29.67(19.71,44.08) | 7.83(3.67,14.77) | >0.0001 | |
| Adiponectin (μg/mL) | 6.06(4.00,8.94) | 9.62(6.96,14.85) | <0.0001 | |
| Ghrelin (pg/mL) | 674.09(504.85,881.23) | 965.75(636.23,1269.37) | <0.0001 | |
| NPY (pM) | 51.18(43.74,61.72) | 44.47(35.05,52.50) | 0.0006 | |
| PYY (pg/mL) | 141.88(112.55,168.19) | 103.36(88.74,126.14) | <0.0001 | |
| Resistin (ng/mL) | 3.84(3.3,4.8) | 3.64(2.9,4.9) | 0.34 | |
| Amylin (pM)§ | 4.78(0.00,16.03) | 3.94(0.00,31.52) | 0.81 | |
| GLP-1 (pg/mL)* | 24.21(17.62,35.71) | 28.36(15.75,92.69) | 0.42 | |
| PP (pM) | 24.26(14.46,44.99) | 24.46(11.83,52.38) | 0.63 | |
| Growth hormone axis (ng/mL) | ||||
| Growth hormone | 0.08(0.00,0.46) | 0.30(0.01,1.64) | 0.0394 | |
| Total IGF-1 | 134.26(93.26,184.64) | 250.20(153.34,325.16) | <0.0001 | |
| IGFBP-1 | 8.25(3.47,17.21) | 19.75(12.21,28.53) | <0.0001 | |
| IGFBP-2 | 244.27(66.66,362.42) | 603.57(384.00,960.54) | <0.0001 | |
| IGFBP-3 | 3290.0(2920.8,3804.4) | 3301.0(2771.9,4041.0) | 0.89 | |
| Free IGF** | 0.4595(0.3365,0.713) | 0.558(0.406,0.926) | 0.01 | |
| Cytokines | N=74 | N=67 | ||
| Interleukin-6 (pg/mL) | 7.62(4.31,11.35) | 8.18(5.80,10.89) | 0.32 | |
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | 9.61(6.73,14.89) | 6.93(5.07,14.1) | 0.19 | |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 4.48(2.35,7.55) | 0.85(0.45,1.35) | <0.0001 | |
| Interleukin-10 (pg/mL)§ | 0.91(0.01,2.87) | 1.85(0.25,3.11) | 0.0251 | |
| Conventional Metabolites | N=74 | N=67 | ||
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 105.0(97.5,116.0) | 100.5(92.5,106.0) | 0.005 | |
| Free fatty acid (mmol/L) | 0.58(0.45,0.72) | 0.43(0.33,0.68) | 0.004 | |
| Ketones (μmol/L) | 82.5(46.5,120.0) | 55.5(39.5,140.5) | 0.28 | |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 191.0(174.5,213.0) | 188.5(161.5,223.0) | 0.67 | |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 119.3(103.0,139.7) | 105.8(86.2,124.8) | 0.02 | |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 106.5(77.0,163.0) | 63.5(46.0,89.0) | <0.0001 | |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 49.9(38.7,58.7) | 62.2(54.5,77.6) | <0.0001 | |
| Plasma lactic acid (mM) | 1.3(1.2,1.6) | 1.1(0.86,1.4) | 0.0006 | |
| Plasma pyruvic acid (mM) | 0.12(0.10,0.15) | 0.09(0.07,0.11) | <0.0001 | |
| β-Hydeoxybutyrate (μmol/L) | 47.8(27.5,73.0) | 35.0(22.5,100.5) | 0.35 | |
| Amino Acids (μM) | N=74 | N=67 | ||
| Valine | 281.4(249.2,332.9) | 235.3(204.1,257.0) | <0.0001 | |
| Leucine/Isoleucine | 170.0(150.2,200.8) | 149.0(132.5,176.6) | <0.0001 | |
| Glutamate/Glutamine | 118.4(91.4,143.7) | 81.2(66.7,95.2) | <0.0001 | |
| Glycine | 282.6(245.6,319.6) | 328.4(265.6,403.0) | 0.0007 | |
| Alanine | 433.4(394.5,492.3) | 367.3(297.1,420.0) | <0.0001 | |
| Phenylalanine | 72.6(66.3,78.9) | 61.6(55.1,68.8) | <0.0001 | |
| Tyrosine | 79.5(68.5,90.0) | 67.1(56.7,73.5) | <0.0001 | |
| Aspartate/Asparagine | 20.1(17.3,23.8) | 16.5(13.5,19.7) | <0.0001 | |
| Arginine | 135.2(116.5,148.5) | 115.3(101.6,137.0) | 0.0007 | |
| Citrulline | 32.0(27.9,40.3) | 36.3(30.5,40.7) | 0.04 | |
| Histidine | 81.6(73.5,88.9) | 81.9(71.9,91.6) | 0.57 | |
| Methionine | 27.5(25.1,30.7) | 27.6(24.2,30.9) | 0.68 | |
| Ornithine | 69.6(55.3,80.8) | 64.8(53.3,71.8) | 0.18 | |
| Proline | 176.4(155.4,231.5) | 158.1(138.4,201.7) | 0.02 | |
| Serine | 115.6(100.7,131.9) | 116.7(102.2,138.6) | 0.69 | |
| Acylcarnitines (μM) | N=74 | N=67 | ||
| Proprionyl (C3) | 0.45(0.35,0.54) | 0.38(0.28,0.48) | 0.0034 | |
| Isovaleryl/2-methylbutyryl (C5) | 0.12(0.10,0.16) | 0.09(0.07,0.13) | 0.0004 | |
| Hexanoyl (C6)§ | 0.10(0.04,0.16) | 0.06(0.00,0.11) | 0.0089 | |
| Octenoyl (C8:1) | 0.28(0.19,0.35) | 0.18(0.16,0.27) | 0.0006 | |
| Organic Acids (mmol/mol) | N=70 | N=67 | ||
| Ethyl malonate | 3.03(2.41,4.02) | 2.61(2.28,2.95) | 0.0054 | |
| Isobutyryl glycine | 0.40(0.26,0.58) | 0.53(0.40,0.86) | 0.001 | |
| Isovaleryl glycine | 0.62(0.42,0.95) | 0.92(0.53,1.33) | 0.0031 | |
| α-Ketoglutarate | 4.72(3.37,7.26) | 8.19(4.21,12.75) | 0.0005 | |
| Free Fatty Acids (μM) | N=74 | N=67 | ||
| Octanoic | C8:0 | Nd | Nd | Nd |
| Decanioc | C10:0 | Nd | Nd | Nd |
| Lauri | C12:0 | Nd | Nd | Nd |
| Myristic | C14:0 | 9.98(7.9,12.7) | 7.45(5.8,11.5) | 0.01 |
| Myristoleic | C14:1 | Nd | Nd | Nd |
| Palmitic | C16:0 | 141.3(103.4,176.5) | 101.3(73.3,150.5) | 0.0004 |
| Palmitoleic | C16:1 | 21.5(13.4,35.0) | 14.6(8.0,25.4) | 0.001 |
| Stearic | C18:0 | 42.4(32.2,55.0) | 36.9(27.5,53.2) | 0.3 |
| Oleic | C18:1 | 206.4(156.2,270.6) | 157.9(103.7,241.2) | 0.002 |
| Linoleic | C18:2 | 81.3(62.9,99.7) | 75.8(46.3,94.3) | 0.087 |
| α-Linolenic | C18:3 | 6.87(4.8,9.7) | 5.68(3.9,8.5) | 0.048 |
| Arachidic | C20:0 | Nd | Nd | Nd |
| Gondioc | C20:1 | Nd | Nd | Nd |
| Eicosadienioc | C20:2 | Nd | Nd | Nd |
| Dihomogamma-linolenic | C20:3 | Nd | Nd | Nd |
| Arachidonic | C20:4 | 5.98(4.3,7.8) | 4.6(3.3,6.8) | 0.006 |
| Docosahexaenioc | C20:6 | Nd | Nd | Nd |
| Total Fatty Acids (μM) | N=73 | N=67 | ||
| Octanoic*** | C8:0 | 29.70(26.23,39.90) | 36.66(27.47,43.77) | 0.073 |
| Decanioc | C10:0 | 5.30(4.43,6.58) | 4.96(4.05,6.43) | 0.079 |
| Lauri | C12:0 | 10.12(7.62,16.85) | 8.59(6.33,13.79) | 0.05 |
| Myristic | C14:0 | 102.3(77.4,155.7) | 71.9(50.2,111.2) | <0.0001 |
| Myristoleic | C14:1 | 7.2(5.3,10.8) | 4.7(3.1,7.2) | <0.0001 |
| Palmitic | C16:0 | 1744.9(1398.3,2169.6) | 1234.8(982.1,1591.5) | <0.0001 |
| Palmitoleic | C16:1 | 410.2(295.5,546.3) | 206.9(174.4,323.9) | <0.0001 |
| Stearic | C18:0 | 880.8(748.5,1033.5) | 712.68(601.5,789.9) | <0.0001 |
| Oleic | C18:1 | 2762.8(2304.2,3382.2) | 1944.4(1692.4,2481.3) | <0.0001 |
| Linoleic | C18:2 | 4100.4(3050.7,5027.9) | 3449.4(2561.9,4034.8) | 0.0038 |
| α-Linolenic | C18:3 | 78.9(63.7,95.9) | 54.6(41.9,78.1) | <0.0001 |
| Arachidic | C20:0 | 5.37(4.58,7.72) | 5.86(4.39,8.05) | 0.51 |
| Gondioc | C20:1 | 14.4(11.7,19.2) | 11.2(8.5,14.6) | 0.0003 |
| Eicosadienioc | C20:2 | 22.8(17.0,26.2) | 16.5(13.8,19.4) | 0.0002 |
| Dihomogamma-linolenic | C20:3 | 220.9(185.9,279.7) | 140.0(114.5,180.2) | <0.0001 |
| Arachidonic | C20:4 | 850.44(685.7,1098.3) | 615.0(528.1,871.1) | <0.0001 |
| Docosahexaenioc | C20:6 | 181.8(140.4,243.5) | 142.4(111.1,177.8) | 0.0016 |
*
GLP-1: N=52 for obese, N=61 for lean.
**
Free IGF-1: N=90 for obese, N=65 for lean.
***
Octanioc: N=72 for obese, N=66 for lean.
§
Metabolite has > 10% zero cells.
Nd, not detectable