Table 1.
Comparing Children across Families Who Did and Did Not Experience Non-Maternal Care by Age 3 Years
| Outcome | Timing of Non-Maternal Care Initiation | Effect Size | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year 1 (1) n = 3,583 |
Years 2 or 3 (2) n = 1,844 |
Never (0) n = 3,758 |
D | |||
| M (SD) or % (n) | M (SD) or % (n) | M (SD) or % (n) | 1 vs. 0 | 2 vs. 0 | 2 vs. 1 | |
| Gender | ||||||
| Girls | 49% (1,770) | 50% (918) | 48% (1,804) | −.03 | −.04 | −.01 |
| Boys | 51% (1,813) | 51% (926) | 52% (1,954) | |||
| Race | ||||||
| Hispanic | 20% (715) | 19% (347) | 22% (834) | −.07* | −.10* | −.04 |
| Black | 31% (1,097) | 32% (582) | 29% (1,099) | .02 | .03 | .01 |
| White | 49% (1,771) | 50% (915) | 49% (1,825) | |||
| Birthweight | ||||||
| More than 5.5 lbs | 92% (3,313) | 91% (1,678) | 90% (3,381) | −.17*** | −.07 | .11 |
| 5.5. lbs or less | 8% (270) | 9% (166) | 10% (377) | |||
| Birth Order | ||||||
| Not eldest | 51% (1,817) | 53% (971) | 63% (2,369) | .28*** | .24*** | −.04 |
| Eldest or only child | 49% (1,766) | 47% (873) | 37% (1,389) | |||
| Difficult Temperament | 27.78 (7.36) | 28.61 (7.39) | 29.55 (7.59) | −.24*** | −.13*** | .11* |
| Mother’s Age at First Birth | 22.84 (5.08) | 21.26 (4.51) | 20.48 (4.51) | .49*** | .17*** | −.32*** |
| Mother’s AFQT score | 40.47 (26.83) | 34.27 (25.74) | 28.14 (25.95) | .47*** | .24*** | −.23*** |
| Family Structure | ||||||
| Not married in child’s 1st year | 33% (1,171) | 38% (704) | 42% (1,574) | .22*** | .08* | −.13** |
| Married in child’s 1st year | 67% (2,412) | 62% (1,140) | 58% (2,184) | |||
| Family Income | 9.56 (1.04) | 9.28 (1.06) | 9.03 (1.35) | .44*** | .20*** | −.27*** |
| Conduct Problems (5–7 years) | −.04 (.55) | .01 (.60) | .03 (.64) | −.12*** | −.03 | .09** |
| Oppositional Defiant Problems (5–7 years) | −.04 (.73) | .03 (.78) | .02 (.79) | −.08** | .01 | .09** |
| Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Problems (5–7 years) | −.02 (.73) | .05 (.78) | .01 (.77) | −.04 | .03 | .07** |
| Math scores (5–7 years) | 101.36 (12.22) | 100.45 (11.99) | 98.16 (12.77) | .26*** | .18*** | −.07* |
| Reading recognition (5–7 years) | 106.17 (11.81) | 105.06 (11.79) | 102.98 (12.78) | .26*** | .17*** | −.09** |
| Conduct Problems (11–13 years) | −.07 (.56) | .03 (.62) | .05 (.69) | −.19*** | −.03 | .17*** |
| Oppositional Defiant Problems (11–13 years) | −.06 (.74) | .04 (.79) | .03 (.81) | −.12*** | .01 | .13*** |
| Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Problems (11–13 years) | −.05 (.74) | .02 (.76) | .03 (.79) | −.10*** | −.01 | .09* |
| Math scores (11–13 years) | 101.55 (13.13) | 100.10 (13.22) | 97.33 (14.28) | .31*** | .20*** | −.11** |
| Reading recognition (11–13 years) | 104.11 (14.56) | 102.16 (15.15) | 99.69 (16.24) | .29*** | .16*** | −.13** |
***
p < .001,
**
p < . 01,
*
p < .05
Note: Statistical significance of group differences reported in columns 3 through 6 based on OLS and logistic regression analyses (available upon request).