Table 3.
Efficacy of exercise training to augment oxygen transport organ components in clinical populations
| Oxygen transport component | Evidence in non-cancer clinical patients | Evidence in cancer patients |
|---|---|---|
| Pulmonary | Increased diffusion capacity (–) Reduced expiratory obstruction (–) Reduced pulmonary vascular damage, remodelling, and fibrosis (–) |
Not available |
| Cardiac | Increased left ventricular systolic function (↑↑) Increased left ventricular relaxation (↑↑) Improvements in early filling (↑↑) Increased ventricular compliance (↑↑) Increased stroke volume (↑↑↑) Increased cardiac output (↑↑↑) Increased chronotropic reserve (↑↑) Increased myocardial perfusion (↑) |
Not available |
| Blood | Increased haemoglobin concentration (↑↑↑) | Haemoglobin concentration (–) |
| Vascular function | Improved endothelial function (↑↑↑) Reduced arterial stiffness (↑↑) Reduced reactive oxygen species or increased anti-inflammatory expression (↑↑↑) |
Improved endothelial function (↑) Reduced reactive oxygen species or increased anti-inflammatory activity (↑) |
| Skeletal muscle oxidative capacity | Increased muscle mass (↑↑↑) Increased capillarisation (↑↑↑) Increased enzymes for oxidative phosphorylation (↑↑↑) Increased mitochondrial density (↑↑↑) Increased myoglobin concentration (↑) Fibre type transition to more fatigue resistant type IIA fibre (↑↑↑) |
Increased muscle mass (↑↑) |
Abbreviations: –, no change; ↑, weak evidence; ↑↑, moderate evidence; ↑↑↑, strong evidence.