Table 3.
Adjusted prevalence risk ratios (adjPRR) for human papillomavirus infection
| HIV-negative men adjPRR (95% CI) |
All men adjPRR (95% CI) |
|
|---|---|---|
| HIV status | ||
| Negative | – | 1.00 (referent) |
| Positive | – | 1.80 (1.60 to 2.02) |
| Herpes simplex virus type 2 status | ||
| Persistent negative | – | 1.00 (referent) |
| Enrolment indeterminate | – | 1.03 (0.87 to 1.23) |
| Prevalent positive or seroconverter | – | 1.05 (0.92 to 1.19) |
| Age (years) | ||
| 15–19 | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
| 20–24 | 1.13 (0.79 to 1.60) | 1.12 (0.81 to 1.55) |
| 25–29 | 1.01 (0.70 to 1.45) | 0.96 (0.69 to 1.33) |
| 30–34 | 0.82 (0.56 to 1.22) | 0.84 (0.60 to 1.18) |
| 35+ | 0.66 (0.43 to 1.00) | 0.80 (0.57 to 1.11) |
| Education | ||
| No education | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
| Primary | 0.96 (0.71 to 1.31) | 1.02 (0.84 to 1.23) |
| Secondary or higher | 0.70 (0.49 to 0.99) | 0.84 (0.67 to 1.06) |
| Non-marital relationships | ||
| No | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
| Yes | 1.15 (0.95 to 1.40) | 1.07 (0.95 to 1.21) |
| Age at sexual debut (years) | ||
| ≤15 | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
| 16–19 | 1.14 (0.95 to 1.36) | 1.04 (0.92 to 1.16) |
| ≥20 | 1.18 (0.89 to 1.57) | 1.18 (1.00 to 1.39) |
| Lifetime number of sexual partners | ||
| 0–2 | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
| 3–5 | 1.21 (0.93 to 1.58) | 1.20 (0.96 to 1.50) |
| 6–10 | 1.27 (0.95 to 1.70) | 1.22 (0.96 to 1.54) |
| 11+ | 1.33 (0.95 to 1.87) | 1.30 (1.01 to 1.66) |
| Number of sexual partners during past year | ||
| None | 0.37 (0.13 to 1.02) | 0.47 (0.23 to 0.94) |
| 1 | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
| 2+ | 2.83 (1.00 to 8.04) | 1.05 (0.93 to 1.18) |
| Condom use in the past year | ||
| None | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
| Consistent use | 1.45 (1.09 to 1.93) | 1.31 (1.08 to 1.60) |
| Inconsistent use | 1.18 (0.97 to 1.43) | 1.10 (0.98 to 1.24) |
| Drink alcohol | ||
| No | – | 1.00 (referent) |
| Yes | – | 0.98 (0.84 to 1.14) |
| Alcohol use with sexual intercourse | ||
| No | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
| Yes | 1.13 (0.96 to 1.33) | 1.03 (0.90 to 1.18) |
| Genital wart (self-reported) | ||
| No | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
| Yes | 1.57 (1.07 to 2.31) | 1.21 (0.98 to 1.48) |
| Genital ulcer disease (self-reported) | ||
| No | – | 1.00 (referent) |
| Yes | – | 1.09 (0.98 to 1.22) |
| Urethral discharge (self-reported) | ||
| No | – | 1.00 (referent) |
| Yes | – | 1.01 (0.85 to 1.20) |
| Dysuria (self-reported) | ||
| No | – | 1.00 (referent) |
| Yes | – | 0.97 (0.81 to 1.17) |