Table 4.
Meta-analyses of the mortality risk for widows relative to married persons a
| Unadjusted | Adjusted for Age Only | Adjusted for Age and Additional Covariatesb |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| All available data | 1.73 (1.68, 1.79)*** | 1.20 (1.15, 1.26)*** | 1.20 (1.16, 1.25)*** |
| Non-estimated death rate only | 1.80 (1.74, 1.86)*** | 1.28 (1.20, 1.36)*** | 1.21 (1.16, 1.27)*** |
| Non-estimated SE only | 1.61 (1.52, 1.71)*** | 1.28 (1.23, 1.33)*** | 1.23 (1.19, 1.28)*** |
| By subjective quality score | |||
| Low | 1.59 (1.45, 1.74)*** | 0.95 (0.86, 1.04) | 1.44 (0.90, 2.32) |
| Average | 1.79 (1.72, 1.85)*** | 1.24 (1.15, 1.33)*** | 1.17 (1.08, 1.26)*** |
| High | 1.61 (1.49, 1.75)*** | 1.31 (1.23, 1.41)*** | 1.22 (1.16, 1.28)*** |
| By gender | |||
| Women | 1.61 (1.54, 1.69)*** | 1.05 (0.99, 1.12) | 1.15 (1.08, 1.22)*** |
| Men | 1.84 (1.76, 1.92)*** | 1.39 (1.30, 1.48)*** | 1.27 (1.19, 1.35)*** |
| Mean age | |||
| 20 – 29 | 2.67 (2.16, 3.30)*** | … | … |
| 30 – 39 | 2.78 (2.35, 3.30)*** | … | 1.95 (0.98, 3.87) |
| 40 – 49 | 2.53 (2.34, 2.73)*** | 6.23 (3.96, 9.80)*** | 1.15 (1.02, 1.29)* |
| 50 – 59 | 1.83 (1.71, 1.95)*** | 1.63 (1.26, 2.10)*** | 1.38 (1.15, 1.67)*** |
| 60 – 69 | 1.65 (1.54, 1.77)*** | 1.32 (1.20, 1.46)*** | 1.24 (1.16, 1.34)*** |
| 70 – 79 | 1.52 (1.41, 1.63)*** | 1.16 (1.02, 1.32)* | 1.19 (1.07, 1.32)** |
| ≥ 80 | 1.46 (1.38, 1.54)*** | 1.14 (1.09, 1.20)*** | 1.18 (1.11, 1.24)*** |
| Region | |||
| Scandinavia | 1.43 (1.28, 1.59)*** | 1.06 (0.99, 1.13) | 1.22 (1.13, 1.32)*** |
| United States | 1.60 (1.50, 1.70)*** | 1.47 (1.32, 1.65)*** | 1.19 (1.12, 1.26)*** |
| United Kingdom | 1.32 (1.20, 1.45)*** | 1.12 (1.02, 1.23)* | 1.16 (1.01, 1.33)* |
| East Europe | 1.96 (1.73, 2.23)*** | 1.79 (1.42, 2.25)*** | 1.01 (0.57, 1.80) |
| West Continental Europe | 1.96 (1.88, 2.05)*** | 1.34 (1.22, 1.47)*** | 1.25 (1.14, 1.37)*** |
| China and Japan | 1.49 (1.11, 2.01)** | 1.00 (0.73, 1.38) | 1.17 (1.00, 1.37)* |
| Bangladesh and Lebanon | 1.60 (1.38, 1.84)*** | … | 1.22 (0.97, 1.54) |
| Enrollment start year | |||
| 1766 – 1939 | 0.53 (0.26, 1.07) | 1.14 (0.99, 1.31) | 1.14 (1.05, 1.24)** |
| 1940 – 1949 | 1.61 (1.48, 1.74)*** | 1.48 (1.01, 2.16)* | … |
| 1950 – 1959 | 1.38 (1.26, 1.50)*** | 1.61 (1.31, 2.00)*** | … |
| 1960 – 1969 | 1.83 (1.75, 1.93)*** | 1.06 (0.98, 1.15) | 1.18 (1.03, 1.36)* |
| 1970 – 1979 | 1.45 (1.33, 1.57)*** | 1.15 (1.06, 1.25)*** | 1.17 (1.08, 1.26)*** |
| 1980 – 1989 | 2.16 (2.03, 2.29)*** | 1.26 (1.15, 1.38)*** | 1.24 (1.16, 1.33)*** |
| 1990 – 1999 | 1.34 (1.12, 1.61)** | 1.61 (1.39, 1.86)*** | 1.27 (1.16, 1.39)*** |
| Follow-up duration | |||
| 6 months or less | 1.76 (1.55, 1.99)*** | 1.48 (1.32, 1.66)*** | 1.58 (1.32, 1.88)*** |
| 1 year | 1.86 (1.75, 1.97)*** | 1.43 (1.23, 1.66)*** | 1.34 (1.10, 1.62)** |
| 2 years | 1.60 (1.48, 1.73)*** | 1.33 (1.16, 1.53)*** | 1.51 (1.27, 1.79)*** |
| 3 years | 1.60 (1.47, 1.73)*** | 1.08 (0.91, 1.27) | 1.20 (0.90, 1.61) |
| 4 years | 1.28 (1.09, 1.50)** | 1.03 (0.89, 1.20) | 1.35 (0.98, 1.86) |
| 5 years | 1.30 (1.11, 1.52)*** | 0.95 (0.72, 1.25) | 1.19 (1.01, 1.41)* |
| 6 years | 1.07 (0.81, 1.43) | 1.19 (1.05, 1.34)** | 1.15 (1.02, 1.30)* |
| 7 years | 1.21 (0.95, 1.53) | 1.11 (0.95, 1.29) | 1.24 (1.08, 1.41)** |
| 8 years | 1.75 (1.47, 2.08)*** | 1.25 (0.89, 1.77) | 1.11 (0.88, 1.40) |
| 9 years | 3.62 (2.73, 4.79)*** | 1.01 (0.75, 1.35) | 1.19 (1.04, 1.35)*** |
| 10 years | … | 1.23 (1.11, 1.35)*** | 1.18 (1.04, 1.35)* |
| 11 years | 1.31 (1.03, 1.68)* | 1.10 (0.96, 1.27) | 1.25 (0.99, 1.57) |
| 12 years | … | 1.20 (0.80, 1.80) | 1.52 (1.26, 1.84)*** |
| 13 years | 1.23 (1.01, 1.49)* | 1.22 (0.91, 1.64) | 1.13 (0.86, 1.49) |
| 14 years | 1.29 (0.98, 1.69) | 1.42 (0.95, 2.11) | 1.18 (0.77, 1.81) |
| 15 years | … | 1.29 (0.75, 2.22) | 1.07 (0.90, 1.26) |
| 16–20 years | 1.30 (1.09, 1.56)** | 0.93 (0.75, 1.15) | 1.22 (1.02, 1.47)* |
| 21–25 years | … | 1.15 (0.88, 1.49) | 1.27 (1.09, 1.49)** |
| More than 25 years | 1.22 (1.00, 1.48)* | 1.03 (0.80, 1.34) | 1.11 (1.02, 1.20)* |
a
All meta-analyses calculated by maximum likelihood using a random effects model (n=1381). Numbers shown are mean HRs (95% confidence interval). Ellipses indicate instances where n≤1 and meaningful mean HR could not be calculated. See Table 5 for sample size information.
b
The number and type of covariates varies between studies.
*
p<0.05
**
p<0.01
***
p<0.001; two-tailed tests