Table 6.
Multivariate meta-regression analyses predicting hazard ratio magnitude for widowsa
| Variable | Model 1: All Predictors Except Interaction Terms |
Model 2: All Predictors Including Interaction Terms |
Model 3: Parsimonious Modelb |
|---|---|---|---|
| Constant | 1.27 (1.03, 1.58)* | 1.05 (0.85, 1.31) | 1.03 (0.87, 1.23) |
| Proportion of sample that is male | 1.21 (1.17, 1.25)*** | 1.82 (1.58, 2.10)*** | 1.75 (1.54, 2.00)*** |
| Mean age at enrollment (decades) | 0.90 (0.89, 0.91)*** | 0.93 (0.91, 0.94)*** | 0.93 (0.91, 0.94)*** |
| Age range (decades) | 0.99 (0.97, 1.00)* | 0.98 (0.97, 1.00)* | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00)* |
| Study age (decades) | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99)*** | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99)*** | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99)*** |
| Enrollment period (years) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.01)*** | 1.01 (1.00, 1.01)*** | 1.01 (1.00, 1.01)*** |
| Years between enrollment and start of follow-up | 1.06 (1.04, 1.07)*** | 1.06 (1.05, 1.07)*** | 1.06 (1.05, 1.07)*** |
| Follow-up duration (decades) | 0.98 (0.96, 0.99)*** | 0.98 (0.97, 1.00)* | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99)*** |
| Log n | 1.05 (1.04, 1.06)*** | 1.05 (1.04, 1.06)*** | 1.05 (1.04, 1.06)*** |
| Publication age (decades) | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) | … |
| Interactions | |||
| Gender × Mean age at enrollment | … | 0.94 (0.91, 0.96)*** | 0.94 (0.92, 0.96)*** |
| Gender × Follow-up duration | … | 0.99 (0.98, 1.01) | … |
| Regions | |||
| United Kingdom | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Scandinavia | 1.02 (0.95, 1.11) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.11) | 1.01 (0.94, 1.08) |
| United States | 1.17 (1.08, 1.27)*** | 1.17 (1.08, 1.28)*** | 1.14 (1.06, 1.22)*** |
| East Europe | 1.17 (1.05, 1.30)** | 1.17 (1.06, 1.30)** | 1.18 (1.07, 1.30)** |
| West Europe | 1.16 (1.08, 1.25)*** | 1.16 (1.08, 1.25)*** | 1.13 (1.06, 1.21)*** |
| China and Japan | 1.03 (0.90, 1.17) | 1.04 (0.91, 1.18) | 1.02 (0.90, 1.16) |
| Bangladesh, Lebanon | 1.59 (1.38, 1.82)*** | 1.60 (1.40, 1.83)*** | 1.57 (1.38, 1.78)*** |
| Controls (1 = Yes) | |||
| Gender | 0.97 (0.90, 1.05) | 0.97 (0.90, 1.05) | … |
| Age | 0.85 (0.81, 0.89)*** | 0.85 (0.81, 0.89)*** | 0.86 (0.82, 0.91)*** |
| Other demographics | 0.99 (0.92, 1.06) | 0.98 (0.92, 1.06) | … |
| SES | 0.88 (0.81, 0.95)*** | 0.88 (0.81, 0.95)*** | 0.89 (0.83, 0.95)*** |
| Health | 1.03 (0.95, 1.12) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.11) | … |
| Social ties | 1.10 (1.02, 1.18)* | 1.10 (1.02, 1.18)* | 1.09 (1.02, 1.18)* |
| Previous stress | 0.91 (0.83, 0.99)* | 0.91 (0.83, 0.99)* | 0.91 (0.84, 0.99)* |
| Comp. Group is General Population (1 = Yes) | 1.07 (0.95, 1.20) | 1.08 (0.96, 1.21) | … |
| Stressed Population (1 = Yes) | 0.93 (0.81, 1.08) | 0.95 (0.82, 1.09) | … |
| Standard error imputed (1 = Yes) | 0.97 (0.92, 1.03) | 0.98 (0.92, 1.04) | … |
| Death rate imputed (1 = Yes) | 0.89 (0.85, 0.93)*** | 0.89 (0.85, 0.93)*** | 0.88 (0.84, 0.92)*** |
| Subjective quality assessment | 1.13 (1.08, 1.18)*** | 1.13 (1.08, 1.18)*** | 1.14 (1.10, 1.18)*** |
| Scale measure of study quality | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | … |
| R2 | 0.578 | 0.594 | 0.590 |
| Variance Component | 0.0480*** | 0.0446*** | 0.0453*** |
a
All meta-regressions calculated by maximum likelihood using a random effects model (n=1381 for all models). Numbers reported are the exponentiated regression coefficient (95% confidence interval). Ellipses indicate instances when a variable was not included in the model.
b
Obtained using backwards elimination; variable removed if p>0.10.
*
p<0.05
**
p<0.01
***
p<0.001; two-tailed tests