TABLE 2.
Adjusted prevalence of medication use (%) by current smoking status and intakes of alcohol, meat, fish, and fruit from logistic regression analyses of 32,683 female and 8112 male walkers.
| Antidiabetic Med Use (%) | Antihypertensive Med Use (%) | LDL Cholesterol Lowering Med Use (%) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Independent Variables | N | BMI Unadjusted | BMI Adjusted | BMI Unadjusted | BMI Adjusted | BMI Unadjusted | BMI Adjusted |
| Women | |||||||
| Smoking | |||||||
| Smokers | 1805 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 12.1 | 11.3 | 5.6 | 5.6 |
| Nonsmokers | 30,878 | 4.2§ | 3.4§ | 12.9 | 11.8 | 7.9‡ | 7.9‡ |
| Alcohol (mL/wk) | |||||||
| None | 16,830 | 3.4 | 2.5 | 13.9 | 12.1 | 6.5 | 6.1 |
| 1–49 | 7868 | 1.4§ | 1.2§ | 10.3§ | 10.0§ | 5.1§ | 5.2† |
| 50–99 | 4242 | 1.0§ | 1.0§ | 9.7§ | 10.0‡ | 4.8§ | 5.2† |
| ≥ 100 | 3743 | 0.9§ | 0.9§ | 11.3§ | 12.2 | 4.1§ | 4.6§ |
| Meat (servings/wk) | |||||||
| None | 5762 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 10.2 | 10.7 | 5.0 | 5.5 |
| 1 or 2 | 12,517 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 11.2* | 10.8 | 5.4 | 5.6 |
| 3 or 4 | 9169 | 2.3† | 1.7 | 13.8§ | 12.2† | 6.1‡ | 5.8 |
| > 4 | 5235 | 3.2§ | 2.3† | 13.7§ | 11.5 | 5.7* | 5.3 |
| Fish (servings/wk) | |||||||
| None | 7469 | 2.0 | 1.7 | 10.7 | 10.1 | 5.1 | 5.2 |
| 1 | 12,394 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 11.5 | 11.0 | 5.5 | 5.6 |
| 2 | 7398 | 2.2 | 1.8 | 13.1§ | 11.9‡ | 5.9* | 5.8 |
| 3 or more | 5422 | 2.4* | 1.9 | 14.2§ | 12.7§ | 6.0* | 5.8 |
| Fruit (servings/wk) | |||||||
| < 5 | 6373 | 2.2 | 1.7 | 13.1 | 11.7 | 6.1 | 6.0 |
| 5–9 | 9065 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 13.0 | 12.0 | 5.8 | 5.7 |
| 10–14 | 9168 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 11.3‡ | 10.6* | 5.7 | 5.7 |
| ≥ 15 | 8077 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 11.4† | 11.0 | 4.9‡ | 5.1† |
| Men | |||||||
| Smoking | |||||||
| Smokers | 385 | 7.9 | 7.0 | 32.5 | 31.4 | 26.6 | 26.7 |
| Nonsmokers | 7727 | 7.9 | 7.4 | 26.5* | 26.7 | 21.1* | 21.9 |
| Alcohol (mL/wk) | |||||||
| None | 3451 | 12.3 | 10.5 | 33.5 | 31.6 | 26.7 | 26.4 |
| 1–49 | 1475 | 8.8‡ | 7.8† | 31.9 | 30.9 | 26.5 | 26.6 |
| 50–99 | 1191 | 5.3§ | 4.9§ | 30.0* | 29.9 | 27.7 | 28.3 |
| ≥ 100 | 1995 | 4.2§ | 3.8§ | 33.0 | 32.7 | 25.7 | 26.0 |
| Meat (servings/wk) | |||||||
| None | 1055 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 30.5 | 32.2 | 31.8 | 33.9 |
| 1 or 2 | 2793 | 6.7 | 6.2 | 32.5 | 32.0 | 27.2† | 27.6‡ |
| 3 or 4 | 2335 | 8.1 | 7.1 | 32.1 | 30.6 | 24.9‡ | 24.7§ |
| > 4 | 1929 | 10.6‡ | 8.6* | 34.0 | 31.1 | 25.1‡ | 24.5§ |
| Fish (servings/wk) | |||||||
| None | 1215 | 7.1 | 6.0 | 31.0 | 29.6 | 24.2 | 24.3 |
| 1 | 3094 | 7.7 | 6.9 | 32.1 | 31.3 | 25.7 | 25.8 |
| 2 | 2106 | 8.6 | 7.7 | 34.1 | 33.1 | 28.7† | 28.8† |
| 3 or more | 1697 | 8.1 | 6.9 | 32.2 | 30.6 | 27.1 | 27.1 |
| Fruit (servings/wk) | |||||||
| < 5 | 1796 | 7.6 | 6.5 | 34.0 | 32.2 | 26.4 | 26.1 |
| 5–9 | 2328 | 7.6 | 6.7 | 33.2 | 31.9 | 26.9 | 26.8 |
| 10–14 | 2079 | 8.5 | 7.5 | 31.5 | 30.5 | 27.8 | 28.0 |
| ≥ 15 | 1909 | 7.8 | 7.3 | 31.4 | 31.3 | 25.0 | 25.6 |
All analyses were adjusted to nonsmokers of average age who consumed the average intakes of alcohol, meat, fish, and fruit (not including the categorical variable displayed; e.g., the smoking was adjusted for age, alcohol, meat, fish, and fruit intake, but not for smoking). Adjusted to the average BMI for males and females as indicated. Significance levels for the odds ratio from logistic regression analyses are coded:
*
P < 0.05,
†
P < 0.01,
‡
P < 0.001, and
§
P < 0.0001.