Table 2.
Summary of key findings from randomized controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation therapies for mild cognitive impairment (MCI)1
| Study | R CT |
C CT |
LF S |
PT X |
D | Objective Cognitive Performance |
Self-Report Measures | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A/I | M | EF | GC | SCC | DF | QOL | PS | O | |||||||||||||||
| S T |
L T |
S T |
L T |
S T |
L T |
s T |
L T |
S T |
L T |
S T |
L T |
S T |
L T |
S T |
L T |
S T |
L T |
||||||
| Focused Lifestyle Interventions | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bakeret al.2010 | -- | -- | Y | -- | - - |
Y | -- | N | -- | Y | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Bayer-Carter et al. 2011 | -- | -- | Y | -- | - - |
N | -- | Y | -- | N | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Kwok et al. 2011 |
-- | -- | Y | -- | - - |
-- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | Y | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Lam et al. 2011 | -- | -- | Y | -- | N | Y | -- | -- | -- | N | -- | N | -- | N | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | N | -- | -- | -- |
| Nagam atsu et al. 2012 | -- | -- | Y | -- | - - |
N | -- | Y | -- | Y | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Scherder et al. 2005 | -- | -- | Y | -- | - - |
N | N | N | N | Y | N | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| van Uffelen et al. 2008 | -- | -- | Y | -- | - - |
Y | -- | Y | -- | N | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Focused Restorative Cognitive Training Intervention – Single Domain, Attention/Information Processing | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Barnes et al. 2009 | Y | -- | -- | -- | - - |
Y | -- | N | -- | N | -- | N | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | U | -- | -- | -- |
| Focused Compensatory Cognitive Training Intervention – Single Domain, Memory | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Greena way et al. 2012 | -- | Y | -- | -- | - - |
-- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | N | N | -- | -- | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | Y 2 |
Y 2 |
| Comprehensive Interventions – Single Domain, Memory | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rapp et al. 2002 | -- | Y | -- | Y | - - |
-- | -- | N | N | -- | -- | -- | -- | Y | Y | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | Y 3 |
N 3 |
| Troyer et al. 2008 | -- | Y | Y | Y | - - |
-- | -- | N | N | -- | -- | -- | -- | N | N | N | N | -- | -- | -- | -- | Y 4 |
Y 4 |
| Comprehensive Interventions – Multi-Modal | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Buschert et al. 2011 | Y | Y | Y | -- | - - |
N | -- | N | -- | N | -- | Y | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | N | -- | Y | -- | -- | -- |
| Kinsella et al. 2009 | -- | Y | Y | Y | - - |
-- | -- | Y | Y | -- | -- | -- | -- | N | N | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | Y 5 |
N 5 |
| Tsolaki et al. 2011 | Y | -- | -- | Y | - - |
N | -- | Y | -- | Y | -- | Y | -- | -- | -- | Y | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Note: Note that some studies included treated and untreated groups with dementia in addition to the MCI groups; only information on the MCI groups are included in this table.
Caregiver burden (ST - N; LT - N); Caregiver mood (ST-Y; LT – Y); Memory self-efficacy (ST-Y; LT - N).
Perceived impact of memory problems (ST - N; LT - N); compensatory memory strategy use (ST - N; LT - Y); perceived control over memory (ST - Y; LT - N).
Strategy use and knowledge (ST - Y; LT - Y); lifestyle importance (ST - N; LT - N).
Memory strategy use (ST – Y, LT - N), memory strategy knowledge (ST - Y; LT - Y), memory contentment (ST - N; LT - N).Abbreviations/Symbols: A/I = Attention/information processing. CCT = Did this study use a compensatory cognitive training approach? D = Were there statistically significant results that supported the efficacy of this intervention in terms of reducing the rate of conversion from MCI to dementia in the intervention group versus the control group? DF = Daily functioning/everyday functioning. EF = Executive function. GC = Global cognition. LFS = Did this study include lifestyle strategies? LT = Were there statistically significant results that supported the efficacy of this intervention in terms of the long-term benefits (>1 month since the intervention ended) in this outcome area? M = Memory. MCI = Mild cognitive impairment. N = No. O = Other relevant outcomes. PS = Psychiatric symptom severity. PTX = Does this intervention includes psychotherapeutic strategies such as relaxation training, stress management skills, mindfulness skills, cognitive restructuring, scheduling pleasurable activities, etc.? QOL = Quality of life. RCT = Did this study use a restorative cognitive training approach? SCC = Subject cognitive complaints. ST = Were there statistically significant results that supported the efficacy of this intervention in terms of the short-term benefits (≤1 month since the intervention ended) in this outcome area? U = Unclear/Although this outcome was measured, it is unclear from the methods or results whether this intervention was effective in this area. Y = Yes. -- = This study did not evaluate this outcome or use this approach.
Abbreviations/Symbols: A/I = Attention/information processing. CCT = Did this study use a compensatory cognitive training approach? D = Were there statistically significant results that supported the efficacy of this intervention in terms of reducing the rate of conversion from MCI to dementia in the intervention group versus the control group? DF = Daily functioning/everyday functioning. EF = Executive function. GC = Global cognition. LFS = Did this study include lifestyle strategies? LT = Were there statistically significant results that supported the efficacy of this intervention in terms of the long-term benefits (>1 month since the intervention ended) in this outcome area? M = Memory. MCI = Mild cognitive impairment. N = No. O = Other relevant outcomes. PS = Psychiatric symptom severity. PTX = Does this intervention includes psychotherapeutic strategies such as relaxation training, stress management skills, mindfulness skills, cognitive restructuring, scheduling pleasurable activities, etc.? QOL = Quality of life. RCT = Did this study use a restorative cognitive training approach? SCC = Subject cognitive complaints. ST = Were there statistically significant results that supported the efficacy of this intervention in terms of the short-term benefits (≤1 month since the intervention ended) in this outcome area? U = Unclear/Although this outcome was measured, it is unclear from the methods or results whether this intervention was effective in this area. Y = Yes. -- = This study did not evaluate this outcome or use this approach.