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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Ecol Evol. 2013 Feb 8;28(5):274–282. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2013.01.009

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Figure 1. (A) Daphnia magna (Crustacea: Cladocera) adult female carrying an ephippium (arrow) (photo credit Joachim Mergeay) and (B) light micrograph of an ephippium with details of decapsulated eggs (photo credit Tom De Bie). (C) Silene stenophylla (Caryophyllaceae) dissected fruit from burrow buried in permafrost (> 30,000 y) showing seed and placenta (P) and (D) fragment of placenta with seeds at different developmental stages (picture modified from Yashina et al., 2012). (E-F) Scanning electron micrographs from Antarctic ice core samples illustrating DNA containing bacterial cells (arrows) (picture modified from Bidle et al., 2007).