Table 1.

Immune-related Genetic Polymorphisms Associated with Schizophrenia-Related Brain Change

Author	Year	Journal	Technique	Population	Major Finding	Strength of Association
Fatjó-Vilas et al.	2012	Biological Psychiatry	Genomic DNA extraction and genotyping of a biallelic base-exchange polymorphism at the promoter region (−511 C/T; rs16944) of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) gene; fMRI imaging during the n-back working memory task	48 patients with chronic schizophrenia and 46 control subjects	−511 C/T polymorphism of the IL-1β gene had differential effects in schizophrenia patients and controls such that schizophrenia patients carrying at least one copy of the T allele showed higher task-related prefrontal activation than CC homozygotes, whereas the IL-1β polymorphism did not modulate brain activation during task performance in control subjects	In patients, T-carriers showed higher activations than CC homozygotes, who in some cases showed deactivation rather than activation (t = −4.33, p < .001)**
Roiz-Santianez et al.	2008	Psychiatry Research	MRI volumetric analysis and analysis of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RN) gene polymorphisms	73 first-episode psychosis patients with the following diagnoses: schizophrenia (n = 42), schizophreniform disorder (n = 20), psychosis not otherwise specified (n = 5) and brief reactive psychosis (n = 3)	Carriers of allele*2 had reduced occipital gray matter volume. After correcting for multiple comparisons, the relationship did not remain significant; no significant differences found for other brain regions	* Effect size of occipital gray matter volume reduction in carriers of allele 2 (relationship was not significant after correcting for multiple comparisons): d = .296
Papiol et al.	2007	American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics	Analysis of IL-1β gene functional polymorphism (−511 C/T; rs16944) influence on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) activity using MRI/PET image fusion to assess brain metabolic activity during a Continuous Performance Test	19 schizophrenia patients of Spanish origin (9 first episode, medication naïve patients; 10 chronic patients with at least 1 month of haloperidol treatment)	Allele 2 (−511 T) carriers of polymorphism of IL-1β gene showed a significant decrease in metabolic activity in the left DLPFC with respect to patients homozygous for allele 1 (−511 C)	U = 16, z = −2.32, p = .02; *d = −1.204
Papiol et al.	2005	NeuroImage	MRI volumetric analysis and genotyping of polymorphisms of IL-1β and IL-1RN genes	23 schizophrenia patients (10 first-episode and 13 chronic patients) of Caucasian Spanish origin and 45 healthy controls	Schizophrenia patients who were carriers of the variable nucleotide tandem repeat (VNTR) allele*2 of IL-1RN gene showed significant bilateral enlargement of ventricles compared to patients with non-carrier genotypes	For patients carriers of VNTR allele*2: left ventricle enlargement (t = 3.504, df = 21, p = .002); right ventricle enlargement (t = 2.784, df = 21, p = .01)**
Meisenzahl et al.	2001	American Journal of Psychiatry	MRI and analysis of an IL-1β polymorphism (C→T transition at position −511)	44 male schizophrenia patients and 48 male comparison subjects	Schizophrenia patients who were IL-1β −511 allele 2 carriers (genotype T/T or C/T) showed bifrontal-temporal gray matter volume reductions and generalized white matter deficits compared to non-carrier patients	Frontal: F = 6.06, df = 1, 42, p < 0.02; temporal: F = 11.62, df = 1, 42, p = 0.001; white matter deficits F = 5.54, df = 1, 42, p < 0.03**

^*Effect size or odds ratio not reported in paper. Calculated by authors based on available data reported in manuscripts.

^**No effect size or odds ratio reported