Table 1. Cyto-protective Activities of Humanin.

Various studies have shown cyto-protective effects in a wide-spectrum of stressors. Many of the stressors/models have oxidative stress as a common mechanism of action.

Type of Stress/Disease Model	Description	Ref
Scopolamine	Acetylcholine muscarinic receptor antagonist-induced memory loss in mice.	[47
Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA)	An autosomal-dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by expansion of CAG repeats (polyQ stretch) which form intracellular aggregates and confer neurotoxic activity	[48]
β-amyloid (Aβ25–35)	Cell death	[10, 13, 49]
	Behavioral deficits in mice	[50]
	Memory impairment in mice	[51]
Dexamethasone	Dexamethasone-induced apoptosis in rat Leydig cells.	[52]
Familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)	Mice expressing a mutant superoxide dismutase (G93A-SOD1) (protection by Colivelin, a potent humanin derivative).	[53]
Intratesticular androgen deprivation	Intratesticular hormone deprivation-induced germ cell apoptosis (intratesticular HN administration).	[54]
Oxidized LDL	Oxidized LDL-induced oxidative stress in human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC)	[28]
Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury	Mouse model of mouse cardiac IR injury. 45 minutes of left coronary artery occlusion followed by a 24-hour reperfusion.	[14]
Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury	Mouse model of cerebral IR injury.75 minutes of cerebral artery occlusion followed by a 24-hour reperfusion.	[55, 56]
Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation (OGD)	Mouse primary cortical neurons under OGD for 60 minutes.	[56]
Hypoxia (in vitro)	CoCl2-induced apoptosis in transformed rat retinal ganglion cells.	[57]
Triple transgenic AD mouse model (3xTg-AD)	Memory deficit and β-amyloid accumulation in a triple transgenic AD mouse model (3xTg-AD) harboring APPswe, tauP310L, and PS-1M146V	[58]
Double transgenic AD mouse model	Middle-aged double transgenic AD mouse model harboring APPswe/PS1dE9	[59]