Table 2.
Heterogeneity in bone structure in population studies — changes over age and between sexes (all cross-sectional studies)
| Author year [reference] | Ages (y) | f/m | Volumetric bone density changes | Cortical compartment structural changes | Trabecular compartment structural changes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liu 2010 [77] | 9–21 | 172/151 | BMD & Ct.BMD ↑ over puberty in f & m | Large ↑ in Ct.Th over puberty in f & m | Tb.Th ↑ in f & m over puberty; little change in Tb.N |
| Nishiyama 2012 [34] | 9–22 | 212/186 | More mature ↑ Ct.BMD | More mature ↓ Ct.Po | m ↑ BV/TV & ↑ Ct.Ar vs f |
| Boutroy, 2005 [12] | 19–88 | 256 | PM f ↓ BMD, Ct.BMD & Tb.BMD vs pre-menopausal f | PM f ↓ Ct.Th vs pre-menopausal f | PM ↓ Tb.Nb & Tb.Th vs pre-menopausal f |
| Nishiyama 2010 [28] | 19–99 | 280/0 | PM f ↓ Ct.BMD vs pre-menopausal f | PM f ↑ Ct.Po; Ct.Th was similar in PMf and pre-menopausal f | N/R |
| Burghardt 2010 [38•] | 20–78 | 94/57 | BMD & Ct.BMD & in f & m; | m ↑ Ct.Th vs f; Co.Po increased with age in m & f, but more so in f | N/R |
| PM f ↓ To.BMD & Ct.BMD vs pre-menopausal | |||||
| Dalzell 2009 [32] | 20–79 | 74/58 | Tb.BMD ↓ f vs m; BMD, Tb.BMD & Ct.BMD all ↓ with age | Ct.Th ↓ in f vs m and loss faster over age in f | m ↑ Tb.N & Tb.Th vs f; no relationship between age and change in trabecular structure |
| MacDonald, 2011 [31••] | 20–99 | 442/202 | BMD & Ct.BMD ↓ in f & m; decreased faster in f | Tt.Ar ↑ through adulthood; ~33 % ↑ young m vs young f | m ↑ Tb.N & Tb.Th vs f; over aging both ↓ Tb.Nb & Tb.Th |
| Khosla 2006 [33] | 21–97 | 324/278 | Ct.BMD ↑ young f than m, but decreased faster in f with aging (22 vs 16 %) | Ct.Th ↓ faster in f with aging vs m (52 vs 38 %, p = 0.001) | young m ↑ Tb.BV (26 %) & Tb.Th (28 %) vs f; Tb.Nb ↓ with age in f but not in m; Tb.Th ↓ more in men with age vs f |
| Bjornerem 2011 [37] | 40–61 | 185/0 | N/R | PM f ↑ Ct.Po & ↓Ct.Ar vs premenopausal f | PM f ↓ Tb.N & BV/TV vs premenopausal f |
BMD Total BMD, BV/TV trabecular bone volume/total volume, Ct.Ar cortical bone area, Ct.BMD Cortical BMD, Ct.Th Cortical thickness, Ct.Po cortical porosity, f female, m male, N/R Not reported, PM postmenopausal, Tb.BMD trabecular BMD, Tb.Nb trabecular number, Tb.Th trabecular thickness, Tt.Ar total bone area