Fig. 1.

Examples of the four binary landscape types used in the simulations (black = crown pixel, white = non-crown pixel) with two levels of overall crown cover (p) and two types of spatial pattern (characterized by α): 1, compact with large proportion of crown pixels [α = 1.4, p = 0.7]; 2, compact with small proportion of crown pixels [α = 1.4, p = 0.3]; 3, highly fragmented with large proportion of crown pixels [α = 0.7, p = 0.7]; and 4, highly fragmented with small proportion of crown pixel [α = 0.7, p = 0.3]