Table 3. Metabolic differences among diagnostic groups.
| Groups | Metabolites | Mean | s.d. | Mean | s.d. | P-value | q-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AD | CN | ||||||
| AD vs CN | 15–65.533 | 50.85 | 14.72 | 29.52 | 6.54 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| 12–94.5 | 100.88 | 10.52 | 85.70 | 32.10 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| 8–93.65 | 92.42 | 15.16 | 82.07 | 16.08 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| 8–89.433 | 116.74 | 60.38 | 70.45 | 57.71 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| 14–64.275 | 51.93 | 18.86 | 33.98 | 17.60 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| MET | 74.59 | 24.29 | 51.58 | 26.22 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| 9–20.858 | 133.69 | 105.57 | 39.00 | 46.53 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| 5-HIAA | 95.72 | 45.43 | 64.08 | 18.52 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| GSH/MET | 1.58 | 0.65 | 2.04 | 0.63 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| VMA | 133.63 | 37.32 | 100.66 | 53.56 | <0.001 | 0.001 | |
| 9–29.925 | 174.55 | 95.56 | 126.62 | 89.35 | <0.001 | 0.002 | |
| 5-HIAA/5-HTP | 0.78 | 0.48 | 0.61 | 0.44 | <0.001 | 0.004 | |
| 8–14.983 | 118.51 | 61.42 | 77.78 | 42.98 | 0.002 | 0.008 | |
| 5–40.292 | 20.68 | 16.33 | 23.07 | 14.17 | 0.002 | 0.009 | |
| 13–18.475 | 89.17 | 52.63 | 54.72 | 37.63 | 0.003 | 0.01 | |
| XANTH | 68.92 | 21.18 | 57.21 | 11.68 | 0.004 | 0.02 | |
| GSH | 105.85 | 22.64 | 93.45 | 19.4 | 0.01 | 0.03 | |
| 8–63.675 | 128.69 | 59.77 | 163.50 | 55.61 | 0.01 | 0.03 | |
| MCI | CN | ||||||
| MCI vs CN | 15–68.542 | 54.08 | 38.65 | 25.10 | 14.34 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| 15–65.533 | 63.49 | 62.75 | 29.52 | 6.54 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| 14–64.275 | 57.61 | 35.93 | 33.98 | 17.60 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| 8–93.65 | 85.14 | 11.28 | 82.07 | 16.08 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| 12–94.5 | 88.07 | 10.48 | 85.70 | 32.10 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| 5-HIAA/5-HTP | 0.86 | 0.38 | 0.61 | 0.44 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| 5–40.292 | 20.09 | 19.43 | 23.07 | 14.17 | <0.001 | 0.002 | |
| GSH/MET | 1.56 | 0.54 | 2.04 | 0.63 | <0.001 | 0.002 | |
| 4–22.117 | 79.45 | 39.24 | 61.83 | 18.44 | <0.001 | 0.004 | |
| 5-HIAA | 83.17 | 28.71 | 64.08 | 18.52 | 0.001 | 0.006 | |
| 13–18.475 | 85.94 | 47.56 | 54.72 | 37.63 | 0.003 | 0.01 | |
| 8–3.675 | 123.82 | 60.32 | 163.50 | 55.61 | 0.003 | 0.01 | |
| URIC/XAN | 0.90 | 0.42 | 0.70 | 0.42 | 0.005 | 0.02 | |
| 5-HTP/TRP | 1.32 | 0.97 | 1.50 | 0.56 | 0.005 | 0.02 | |
| MET | 66.45 | 31.69 | 51.58 | 26.22 | 0.007 | 0.02 | |
| 15–77.017 | 2422.89 | 7373.11 | 742.51 | 2045.72 | 0.007 | 0.02 | |
| KYN/TRP | 0.98 | 0.32 | 0.80 | 0.27 | 0.007 | 0.02 | |
| 8–89.433 | 76.48 | 34.97 | 70.45 | 57.71 | 0.01 | 0.02 | |
| XAN/HX | 1.98 | 0.90 | 3.91 | 3.91 | 0.01 | 0.02 | |
| I-3-AA/TRP | 1.54 | 0.82 | 1.14 | 0.65 | 0.01 | 0.02 | |
| HX | 61.04 | 43.12 | 41.05 | 25.34 | 0.01 | 0.02 | |
| I-3-AA | 139.11 | 79.10 | 98.40 | 63.29 | 0.02 | 0.03 | |
| URIC | 80.45 | 31.44 | 65.24 | 33.90 | 0.02 | 0.03 | |
| 5-HTP | 116.53 | 87.98 | 128.31 | 48.94 | 0.02 | 0.03 | |
| KYN | 91.15 | 42.55 | 69.37 | 26.35 | 0.02 | 0.03 | |
| 15–90.6 | 97.27 | 66.04 | 74.80 | 26.01 | 0.03 | 0.05 | |
| XAN/XANTH | 2.19 | 2.71 | 1.76 | 0.56 | 0.03 | 0.05 | |
Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer's disease; CN, normal cognition; MCI, mild cognitive impairment. For expansions of the metabolite abbreviations, see Table 2.
Significance cutoff: q-value <0.05.