Table 1.

Annotated Bibliography of Trauma Outcome Disparity Research

Lead Author	Title	Study Design	Study Characteristics
Arango- Lasprilla 2007	Traumatic brain injury and functional outcomes: does minority status matter?	Retrospective Cross- sectional	Outcome of interest: rehabilitation characteristics and functional outcomes Years: 1989–2004 Data source: TBI Model Systems database Age requirements: none Adjusted variables: ethnicity, age, level of education, injury severity, functional status at rehab admission, functional status 1 year later, Community integration, and GOS-E
Arango- Lasprilla 2007	Functional outcomes from inpatient rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury: how do Hispanics fare?	Retrospective Cross- sectional	Outcome of interest: Rehabilitation placement Years: 1989–2003 Data source: TBI Model Systems database Age requirements: >16 Adjusted variables: ethnicity, age, length of posttraumatic amnesia, injury severity, functional outcome scores, and preinjury education
Arthur 2008	Racial disparities in mortality among adults hospitalized after injury	Retrospective Cross- sectional	Outcome of interest: in-hospital mortality Years: 1998–2002 Data source: HCUP Age requirements: 18–64 Adjusted variables: age, race, gender, comorbid conditions, injury severity, primary payer, median income of zip code of residence, hospital type
Bowman 2007	Racial disparities in outcomes of persons with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury	Retrospective Cross- sectional	Outcome of interest: TBI mortality Years: 2000–2003 Data source: NTDB Age requirements: none Adjusted variables: payer type, spinal cord injury, hypotension, comorbidities, age, gender, GCS, injury type, injury intent, injury severity, hospital volume of TBI, trauma designation
Crompton 2010	Racial disparities in motorcycle-related mortality: an analysis of the National Trauma Data Bank	Retrospective Cross- sectional	Outcome of interest: Motorcycle crash in- hospital mortality Years: 2002–2006 Data source: NTDB Age requirements: >18 Adjusted variables: age, sex, insurance status, year, helmet use, injury severity characteristics
Downing 2011	The impact of insurance status on actuarial survival in hospitalized trauma patients: when do they die?	Retrospective Cross- sectional	Outcome of interest: mortality Years: 2002–2006 Data source: NTDB Age requirements: 19–30 Adjusted variables: age, ethnicity, gender, history of substance abuse, mechanism of injury, injury severity, shock, complications, teaching status of hospital
Englum 2011	Racial, Ethnic, and Insurance Status Disparities in Use of Posthospitalization Care after Trauma	Retrospective Cross- sectional	Outcome of interest: Discharge to posthospitalization facilities by race and insurance status Years: 2007 Data source: NTDB Age requirements: 18–64 Adjusted variables: age, sex, ISS, presence of shock, GCS-motor, mechanism of injury, type of injury, intention of injury, presence of severe head/extremity injury, trauma level designation, and length of hospital stay.
Falcone 2007	Disparities in child abuse mortality are not explained by injury severity	Retrospective Cross- sectional	Outcome of interest: child abuse mortality Years: 1995–2004 Data source: Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Database Age requirements: <16 Adjusted variables: Race, age, GCS, injury severity, pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate, insurance
Falcone 2008	Despite overall low pediatric head injury mortality, disparities exist between races	Retrospective Cross- sectional	Outcome of interest: mortality Years: 2000–2004 Data source: NTDB and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Database Age requirements: <16 Adjusted variables: sex, ethnicity, ISS, pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate, GCS, number of injuries, insurance status, disposition, LOS
Gannon 2002	A statewide population-based study of gender differences in trauma: validation of a prior single- institution study	Prospective Cohort	Outcome of interest: hospital mortality Years: 1996–1997 Data source: Pennsylvania trauma centers database Age requirements: 18–64 Adjusted variables: sex, ethnicity, respiratory rate, blood pressure, RTS, injury type, history of cardiac disease, cancer, immune diseases, or DM
Greene 2010	Insurance status is a potent predictor of outcomes in both blunt and penetrating trauma	Retrospective Cross- sectional	Outcome of interest: Blunt trauma mortality Years: 2002–2006 Data source: NTDB Age requirements: <65 Adjusted variables: insurance status, mechanism of injury, age, race, sex, injury severity, shock head injury, extremity injury, hospital teaching status, year
Haas 1994	Acutely injured patients with trauma in Massachusetts: differences in care and mortality, by insurance status	Retrospective Cross- sectional	Outcome of interest: resource use and mortality Years: 1990 Data source: Institutional data results Age requirements: 15–64 Adjusted variables: age, sex, race, injury severity, comorbidity
Haider 2011	Association Between Hospitals Caring for a Disproportionately High Percentage of Minority Trauma Patients and Increased Mortality	Retrospective Cohort	Outcome of interest: mortality Years: 2007–2008 Data source: NTDB Age requirements: 18–64 Adjusted variables: age, sex, insurance status, injury severity score, presence of hypotension, presence of severe head and/or extremity injury, mechanism of injury.
Haider 2008	Race and insurance status as risk factors for trauma mortality	Retrospective Cross- sectional	Outcome of interest: in hospital mortality Years: 2001–2005 Data source: NTDB Age requirements: 18–64 Adjusted variables: age, sex, injury severity, RTS, severe extremity injury, type of injury, mechanism of injury
Haider 2007	Black children experience worse clinical and functional outcomes after traumatic brain injury: an analysis of the National Pediatric Trauma Registry	Retrospective Cross- sectional	Outcome of interest: TBI mortality Years: 1996–2001 Data source: NTDB Age requirements: 2–16 Adjusted variables: severity of head injury, anatomic injury, and physiologic injury, intent of injury, type of injury, mechanism of injury, age, sex, comorbidities, severe extremity injury
Hakmeh 2010	Effect of race and insurance on outcome of pediatric trauma	Retrospective Cross- sectional	Outcome of interest: moderate to severe injury mortality Years: 2000–2005 Data source: NTDB Age requirements: ≤17 Adjusted variables: race, insurance status, injury type, injury severity
Krause 2006	Racial disparities in health outcomes after spinal cord injury: mediating effects of education and income	Retrospective Cross- sectional	Outcome of interest: spinal cord injury outcomes disparities Years: not stated Data source: hospital records Age requirements: >18 Adjusted variables: race, gender, quality of life variables, utilization of services
Leukhardt 2010	Follow-up disparities after trauma: a real problem for outcomes research	Retrospective Cross- sectional	Outcome of interest: follow-up after trauma Years: 2000–2005 Data source: Institutional records, trauma registry, NDI, census Age requirements: none Adjusted variables: age, sex, race, disposition, discharge zip code, length of stay, penetrating trauma, ISS, spinal cord injury, head ISS>3, death after discharge.
Martin 2010	Severity of head computed tomography scan findings fail to explain racial differences in mortality following child abuse	Retrospective Cross- sectional	Outcome of interest: non-accidental trauma mortality Years: 1994–2004 Data source: Institutional database Age requirements: ≤16 Adjusted variables: race, injury severity, others not specified.
Maybury 2010	Pedestrians struck by motor vehicles further worsen race-and insurance-based disparities in trauma outcomes: the case for inner- city pedestrian injury prevention programs	Retrospective Cross- sectional	Outcome of interest: Pedestrian accident mortality Years: 2002–2006 Data source: NTDB Age requirements: 16–64 Adjusted variables: sex, age, injury severity, shock, severe head injury, severe extremity injury, hospital teaching status, year of admission
Millham 2009	Are there racial disparities in trauma care?	Retrospective Cross- sectional	Outcome of interest: Gun shot wound, MVC mortality Years: 2001–2005 Data source: NTDB Age requirements:>14 Adjusted variables: age, gender, blood pressure, geographic region, hospital teaching status, trauma center status
Nirula 2009	Inequity of rehabilitation services after trauma injury	Retrospective Cohort	Outcome of interest: discharge to rehabilitation facility Years: 2000–2004 Data source: NTDB Age requirements: none (subgroup analysis for <65) Adjusted variables: age, sex, race, payer, comorbidities, drug or alcohol use, ISS, systolic blood pressure, GCS, AIS
Oyetunji 2010	Multiple imputation in Trauma Disparity Research	Retrospective Cross- sectional	Outcome of interest: multiple imputation analysis in trauma Years: 2002–2006 Data source: NTDB Age requirements: Age ≥18 Adjusted variables: age, gender, anatomic and physiologic injury severity, severe head and extremity injury
Rangel 2010	Socioeconomic disparities in infant mortalityafter nonaccidental trauma: a multicenter study	Retrospective Cross- sectional	Outcome of interest: non-accidental trauma mortality Years: 2000–2004 Data source: multiple institutional databases Age requirements:<1 Adjusted variables: race, insurance status, injury severity, head injury severity
Rosen 2009	Downwardly mobile: the accidental cost of being uninsured	Retrospective Cross- sectional	Outcome of interest: mortality Years: 2002–2006 Data source: NTDB Age requirements: ≥18 Adjusted variables: sex, race, age, injury severity, RTS, trauma center level, mechanism of injury
Rosen 2009	Lack of insurance negatively affects trauma mortality in US children	Retrospective Cross- sectional	Outcome of interest: mortality Years: 2002–2006 Data source: NTDB Age requirements: ≥16 Adjusted variables: race, injury severity, sex, injury type
Sacks 2011	Insurance status and hospital discharge disposition after trauma: inequities in access to postacute care	Retrospective Cohort	Outcome of interest: disposition to a specialized postacute care facility Years: 2002–2006 Data source: NTDB Age requirements: ≥18 Adjusted variables: Age, sex, ISS, race/ethnicity, mechanism of injury.
Salim 2010	Does insurance status matter at a public, level I trauma center?	Retrospective Cross- sectional	Outcome of interest: trauma mortality Years: 1998–2005 Data source: Institutional database Age requirements: ≥18 Adjusted variables: sex, age, injury type, blood pressure, GCS, toxicology, injury severity, AIS
Shafi 2007	Ethnic disparities exist in trauma care	Retrospective Cross- sectional	Outcome of interest: TBI mortality Years: 2004 Data source: NTDB Age requirements: none Adjusted variables: age, sex, injury severity, AIS, GCS, associate injuries, insurance status
Shafi 2008	Ethnic disparities in initial management of trauma patients in a nationwide sample of emergency department visits	Retrospective Cross- sectional	Outcome of interest: intensity of ED assessment and management and discharge disposition Years: 2003 Data source: National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Age requirements: ≤15 Adjusted variables: not explicitly stated
Shafi 2007	Racial disparities in long-term functional outcome after traumatic brain injury	Retrospective Cross- sectional	Outcome of interest: functional outcomes among TBI patients Years: 1998–2005 Data source: Institutional data Age requirements: ≤14 Adjusted variables: age, sex, injury severity, AIS, GCS, disposition, insurance status
Staudenmayer 2007	Ethnic disparities in long-term functional outcomesafter traumatic brain injury	Prospective Cohort	Outcome of interest: functional outcomes among TBI patients Years: 1998–2005 Data source: Institutional data Age requirements: ≤14 Adjusted variables: age, sex, GCS, AIS, injury severity
Tepas 2011	Insurance status, not race, is a determinant of outcomes from vehicular injury	Retrospective Cross- sectional	Outcome of interest: MVC victim mortality Years: 2008–2009 Data source: Florida Healthcare Administration Database Age requirements: none Adjusted variables: age, sex, ethnicity, insurance status, ICISS, comorbidities, severity, TBI, spinal cord injury, torso injury, vascular injury
Vettukattil 2011	Do trauma safety- net hospitals deliver truly safe trauma care? A multilevel analysis of the national trauma data bank	Retrospective Cross- sectional	Outcome of interest: mortality Years: 2001–2005 Data source: NTDB Age requirements: 18–64 Adjusted variables: age, sex, insurance, injury severity, shock, type and mechanism of injury
Wood 2010	Disparities in the evaluation and diagnosis of abuse among infants with traumatic brain injury	Retrospective Cross- sectional	Outcome of interest: diagnosis of abuse in TBI infants Years: 2004–2008 Data source: Pediatric Health Information System Age requirements:<1 Adjusted variables: unclear