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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013 May;74(5):1195–1205. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e31828c331d

Table 1.

Annotated Bibliography of Trauma Outcome Disparity Research

Lead Author Title Study Design Study Characteristics
Arango- Lasprilla 2007 Traumatic brain injury and functional outcomes: does minority status matter? Retrospective Cross- sectional Outcome of interest: rehabilitation characteristics and functional outcomes
Years: 1989–2004
Data source: TBI Model Systems database
Age requirements: none
Adjusted variables: ethnicity, age, level of education, injury severity, functional status at rehab admission, functional status 1 year later, Community integration, and GOS-E
Arango- Lasprilla 2007 Functional outcomes from inpatient rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury: how do Hispanics fare? Retrospective Cross- sectional Outcome of interest: Rehabilitation placement
Years: 1989–2003
Data source: TBI Model Systems database
Age requirements: >16
Adjusted variables: ethnicity, age, length of posttraumatic amnesia, injury severity, functional outcome scores, and preinjury education
Arthur 2008 Racial disparities in mortality among adults hospitalized after injury Retrospective Cross- sectional Outcome of interest: in-hospital mortality
Years: 1998–2002
Data source: HCUP
Age requirements: 18–64
Adjusted variables: age, race, gender, comorbid conditions, injury severity, primary payer, median income of zip code of residence, hospital type
Bowman 2007 Racial disparities in outcomes of persons with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury Retrospective Cross- sectional Outcome of interest: TBI mortality
Years: 2000–2003
Data source: NTDB
Age requirements: none
Adjusted variables: payer type, spinal cord injury, hypotension, comorbidities, age, gender, GCS, injury type, injury intent, injury severity, hospital volume of TBI, trauma designation
Crompton 2010 Racial disparities in motorcycle-related mortality: an analysis of the National Trauma Data Bank Retrospective Cross- sectional Outcome of interest: Motorcycle crash in- hospital mortality
Years: 2002–2006
Data source: NTDB
Age requirements: >18
Adjusted variables: age, sex, insurance status, year, helmet use, injury severity characteristics
Downing 2011 The impact of insurance status on actuarial survival in hospitalized trauma patients: when do they die? Retrospective Cross- sectional Outcome of interest: mortality
Years: 2002–2006
Data source: NTDB
Age requirements: 19–30
Adjusted variables: age, ethnicity, gender, history of substance abuse, mechanism of injury, injury severity, shock, complications, teaching status of hospital
Englum 2011 Racial, Ethnic, and Insurance Status Disparities in Use of Posthospitalization Care after Trauma Retrospective Cross- sectional Outcome of interest: Discharge to posthospitalization facilities by race and insurance status
Years: 2007
Data source: NTDB
Age requirements: 18–64
Adjusted variables: age, sex, ISS, presence of shock, GCS-motor, mechanism of injury, type of injury, intention of injury, presence of severe head/extremity injury, trauma level designation, and length of hospital stay.
Falcone 2007 Disparities in child abuse mortality are not explained by injury severity Retrospective Cross- sectional Outcome of interest: child abuse mortality
Years: 1995–2004
Data source: Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Database
Age requirements: <16
Adjusted variables: Race, age, GCS, injury severity, pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate, insurance
Falcone 2008 Despite overall low pediatric head injury mortality, disparities exist between races Retrospective Cross- sectional Outcome of interest: mortality
Years: 2000–2004
Data source: NTDB and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Database
Age requirements: <16
Adjusted variables: sex, ethnicity, ISS, pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate, GCS, number of injuries, insurance status, disposition, LOS
Gannon 2002 A statewide population-based study of gender differences in trauma: validation of a prior single- institution study Prospective Cohort Outcome of interest: hospital mortality
Years: 1996–1997
Data source: Pennsylvania trauma centers database
Age requirements: 18–64
Adjusted variables: sex, ethnicity, respiratory rate, blood pressure, RTS, injury type, history of cardiac disease, cancer, immune diseases, or DM
Greene 2010 Insurance status is a potent predictor of outcomes in both blunt and penetrating trauma Retrospective Cross- sectional Outcome of interest: Blunt trauma mortality
Years: 2002–2006
Data source: NTDB
Age requirements: <65
Adjusted variables: insurance status, mechanism of injury, age, race, sex, injury severity, shock head injury, extremity injury, hospital teaching status, year
Haas 1994 Acutely injured patients with trauma in Massachusetts: differences in care and mortality, by insurance status Retrospective Cross- sectional Outcome of interest: resource use and mortality
Years: 1990
Data source: Institutional data results
Age requirements: 15–64
Adjusted variables: age, sex, race, injury severity, comorbidity
Haider 2011 Association Between Hospitals Caring for a Disproportionately High Percentage of Minority Trauma Patients and Increased Mortality Retrospective Cohort Outcome of interest: mortality
Years: 2007–2008
Data source: NTDB
Age requirements: 18–64
Adjusted variables: age, sex, insurance status, injury severity score, presence of hypotension, presence of severe head and/or extremity injury, mechanism of injury.
Haider 2008 Race and insurance status as risk factors for trauma mortality Retrospective Cross- sectional Outcome of interest: in hospital mortality
Years: 2001–2005
Data source: NTDB
Age requirements: 18–64
Adjusted variables: age, sex, injury severity, RTS, severe extremity injury, type of injury, mechanism of injury
Haider 2007 Black children experience worse clinical and functional outcomes after traumatic brain injury: an analysis of the National Pediatric Trauma Registry Retrospective Cross- sectional Outcome of interest: TBI mortality
Years: 1996–2001
Data source: NTDB
Age requirements: 2–16
Adjusted variables: severity of head injury, anatomic injury, and physiologic injury, intent of injury, type of injury, mechanism of injury, age, sex, comorbidities, severe extremity injury
Hakmeh 2010 Effect of race and insurance on outcome of pediatric trauma Retrospective Cross- sectional Outcome of interest: moderate to severe injury mortality
Years: 2000–2005
Data source: NTDB
Age requirements: ≤17
Adjusted variables: race, insurance status, injury type, injury severity
Krause 2006 Racial disparities in health outcomes after spinal cord injury: mediating effects of education and income Retrospective Cross- sectional Outcome of interest: spinal cord injury outcomes disparities
Years: not stated
Data source: hospital records
Age requirements: >18
Adjusted variables: race, gender, quality of life variables, utilization of services
Leukhardt 2010 Follow-up disparities after trauma: a real problem for outcomes research Retrospective Cross- sectional Outcome of interest: follow-up after trauma
Years: 2000–2005
Data source: Institutional records, trauma registry, NDI, census
Age requirements: none
Adjusted variables: age, sex, race, disposition, discharge zip code, length of stay, penetrating trauma, ISS, spinal cord injury, head ISS>3, death after discharge.
Martin 2010 Severity of head computed tomography scan findings fail to explain racial differences in mortality following child abuse Retrospective Cross- sectional Outcome of interest: non-accidental trauma mortality
Years: 1994–2004
Data source: Institutional database
Age requirements: ≤16
Adjusted variables: race, injury severity, others not specified.
Maybury 2010 Pedestrians struck by motor vehicles further worsen race-and insurance-based disparities in trauma outcomes: the case for inner- city pedestrian injury prevention programs Retrospective Cross- sectional Outcome of interest: Pedestrian accident mortality
Years: 2002–2006
Data source: NTDB
Age requirements: 16–64
Adjusted variables: sex, age, injury severity, shock, severe head injury, severe extremity injury, hospital teaching status, year of admission
Millham 2009 Are there racial disparities in trauma care? Retrospective Cross- sectional Outcome of interest: Gun shot wound, MVC mortality
Years: 2001–2005
Data source: NTDB
Age requirements:>14
Adjusted variables: age, gender, blood pressure, geographic region, hospital teaching status, trauma center status
Nirula 2009 Inequity of rehabilitation services after trauma injury Retrospective Cohort Outcome of interest: discharge to rehabilitation facility
Years: 2000–2004
Data source: NTDB
Age requirements: none (subgroup analysis for <65)
Adjusted variables: age, sex, race, payer, comorbidities, drug or alcohol use, ISS, systolic blood pressure, GCS, AIS
Oyetunji 2010 Multiple imputation in Trauma Disparity Research Retrospective Cross- sectional Outcome of interest: multiple imputation analysis in trauma
Years: 2002–2006
Data source: NTDB
Age requirements: Age ≥18
Adjusted variables: age, gender, anatomic and physiologic injury severity, severe head and extremity injury
Rangel 2010 Socioeconomic disparities in infant mortalityafter nonaccidental trauma: a multicenter study Retrospective Cross- sectional Outcome of interest: non-accidental trauma mortality
Years: 2000–2004
Data source: multiple institutional databases
Age requirements:<1
Adjusted variables: race, insurance status, injury severity, head injury severity
Rosen 2009 Downwardly mobile: the accidental cost of being uninsured Retrospective Cross- sectional Outcome of interest: mortality
Years: 2002–2006
Data source: NTDB
Age requirements: ≥18
Adjusted variables: sex, race, age, injury severity, RTS, trauma center level, mechanism of injury
Rosen 2009 Lack of insurance negatively affects trauma mortality in US children Retrospective Cross- sectional Outcome of interest: mortality
Years: 2002–2006
Data source: NTDB
Age requirements: ≥16
Adjusted variables: race, injury severity, sex, injury type
Sacks 2011 Insurance status and hospital discharge disposition after trauma: inequities in access to postacute care Retrospective Cohort Outcome of interest: disposition to a specialized postacute care facility
Years: 2002–2006
Data source: NTDB
Age requirements: ≥18
Adjusted variables: Age, sex, ISS, race/ethnicity, mechanism of injury.
Salim 2010 Does insurance status matter at a public, level I trauma center? Retrospective Cross- sectional Outcome of interest: trauma mortality
Years: 1998–2005
Data source: Institutional database
Age requirements: ≥18
Adjusted variables: sex, age, injury type, blood pressure, GCS, toxicology, injury severity, AIS
Shafi 2007 Ethnic disparities exist in trauma care Retrospective Cross- sectional Outcome of interest: TBI mortality
Years: 2004
Data source: NTDB
Age requirements: none
Adjusted variables: age, sex, injury severity, AIS, GCS, associate injuries, insurance status
Shafi 2008 Ethnic disparities in initial management of trauma patients in a nationwide sample of emergency department visits Retrospective Cross- sectional Outcome of interest: intensity of ED assessment and management and discharge disposition
Years: 2003
Data source: National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey
Age requirements: ≤15
Adjusted variables: not explicitly stated
Shafi 2007 Racial disparities in long-term functional outcome after traumatic brain injury Retrospective Cross- sectional Outcome of interest: functional outcomes among TBI patients
Years: 1998–2005
Data source: Institutional data
Age requirements: ≤14
Adjusted variables: age, sex, injury severity, AIS, GCS, disposition, insurance status
Staudenmayer 2007 Ethnic disparities in long-term functional outcomesafter traumatic brain injury Prospective Cohort Outcome of interest: functional outcomes among TBI patients
Years: 1998–2005
Data source: Institutional data
Age requirements: ≤14
Adjusted variables: age, sex, GCS, AIS, injury severity
Tepas 2011 Insurance status, not race, is a determinant of outcomes from vehicular injury Retrospective Cross- sectional Outcome of interest: MVC victim mortality
Years: 2008–2009
Data source: Florida Healthcare Administration Database
Age requirements: none
Adjusted variables: age, sex, ethnicity, insurance status, ICISS, comorbidities, severity, TBI, spinal cord injury, torso injury, vascular injury
Vettukattil 2011 Do trauma safety- net hospitals deliver truly safe trauma care? A multilevel analysis of the national trauma data bank Retrospective Cross- sectional Outcome of interest: mortality
Years: 2001–2005
Data source: NTDB
Age requirements: 18–64
Adjusted variables: age, sex, insurance, injury severity, shock, type and mechanism of injury
Wood 2010 Disparities in the evaluation and diagnosis of abuse among infants with traumatic brain injury Retrospective Cross- sectional Outcome of interest: diagnosis of abuse in TBI infants
Years: 2004–2008
Data source: Pediatric Health Information System
Age requirements:<1
Adjusted variables: unclear