. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jun 1.

Published in final edited form as: Gastroenterology. 2013 Jun;144(6):1230–1240. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.12.042

Table 1.

Summary of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Immune cell types			Infiltration and distribution			Associated cytokines	Functions	PDA-associated prognostic factors
Immune cell types			Pancreatitis	PanINs	PDA	Associated cytokines	Functions	PDA-associated prognostic factors
Neutrophil			high	present	rare	IL-8, C5a, MMP	Proinflammatory, Procancer	Undifferentiated types of PDA
Mast Cell			evenly distributed	evenly distributed	present at infiltrating edges of tumor	GM-CSF, INFγ, TNFα, IL-4, IL-13	Proinflammatory, Procancer	Poor survival
TAM		M1	high	present	present	INFγ, IL-12, IL-23, TNFα	Proinflammatory, Procancer
TAM		M2	low	low	high	IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, TGFβ	Immunosuppression	Poor survival
MDSC			present	low	high	GM-CSF, VEGF, TGFβ	Immunosuppression, Decreased CD8⁺ T cell infiltration	Poor survival
T cell	Treg		present	low	high	TGFβ, IL-6	Immunosuppression, Decreased CD8⁺ T cell infiltration	Poor survival
	T helper	Th1	present	low	low	IL-2, INFγ	Immune activation	Good survival
	T helper	Th2	present	low	high	IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 IL-13	Immunosuppression	Poor survival
	Teff		present	low	low	INFγ, TNFα, IL-2	Anti-tumor immunity	Good survival

PanINs, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia; PDA, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma ; TAM, Tumor associated macrophages;

Treg, regulatory T cells.