Fig. 1.

Survival data for bees fed different concentrations of pesticide treatments over a 3 day period prior to conditioning. (A) Imidacloprid, (B) coumaphos, (C) imidacloprid plus coumaphos (N≥3 replicates using cohorts of N≥15 bees for each treatment). For all treatments, the 1 μmol l⁻¹ concentration caused greater mortality than the control. The 100 and 10 nmol l⁻¹ concentrations did not increase mortality, so were selected for use in the subsequent learning and memory experiments.