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. 2013 May 1;5:16. doi: 10.12703/P5-16

Table 2. Risk factors associated with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome.

Risk factors associated with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome

  • Primary graft dysfunction

  • Acute cellular rejection

    • - Grades 2-4 are especially concerning

    • - Minimal Grade A1 is also suggested to increase risk

  • Lymphocytic bronchiolitis (Grade B rejection)

  • Antibody-mediated rejection

  • Autoimmune sensitization to collagen V or other self-antigens

  • Gastroesophageal reflux

    • - Abnormal/pathologic degree of reflux

    • - Acid or non-acid

  • Increased bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophils on differential cell count

  • Virus infection

    • - Cytomegalovirus pneumonitis

    • - Community-acquired respiratory virus infection

  • Other infection

    • - Colonization and infection of the lung by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

    • - Aspergillus colonization or fungal pneumonitis

  • Exposure to excessive air pollution

  • Ischemic change due to disruption of the bronchial circulation