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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 May 3.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2010 Oct;19(5):319–323. doi: 10.1177/0963721410383977

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Risk for convictions for violent offenses over increasing age in offspring who were, or were not, exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy (SDP). The top panel presents the association between SDP and convictions in the population (N = 609,372). The bottom panel shows the lack of association between SDP and convictions found when a subgroup of 29,482 siblings in the same families who were differentially exposed to SDP were compared. Estimates of risk are based on Kaplan-Meier estimates controlling for offspring sex and birth order (D'Onofrio et al., 2010).