Table 1. Demography and clinical characteristics of non-CKD controls and CKD stage 5 patients.
| Controls | CKD-5 | p-value* | |
| n = 40 | n = 56 | ||
| Etiology of CKD (%) | |||
| Diabetic nephropathy | NA | 29 | NA |
| Polycystic kidney disease | NA | 20 | NA |
| Chronic glomerulonephritis | NA | 13 | NA |
| Other causes | NA | 38 | NA |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Diabetes mellitus (n) | 0 | 21 | NA |
| Type 1 diabetes (n) | 0 | 8 | NA |
| Type 2 diabetes (n) | 0 | 13 | NA |
| Cardiovascular disease (n) | 0 | 21 | NA |
| General characteristics | |||
| GFR (ml/min) | 90 (54–90) | 7 (3–12) | <0.0001 |
| Age (years) | 58 (20–79) | 57 (25–75) | 0.79 |
| Sex (males) | 27 | 30 | 0.20 |
| Body composition | |||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.2 (21.2–39.2) | 24.0 (13.3–31.8) | <0.0001 |
| Total fat mass (kg) | NA | 19.5 (6.2–32.6) | NA |
| Truncal fat mass (kg) | NA | 10.4 (2.6–19.9) | NA |
| Lean body mass (kg) | NA | 48.0 (28.2–72.7) | NA |
| Metabolic markers | |||
| Serum albumin (g/l) | 39 (31–43) | 34 (21–47) | <0.0001 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.8 (2.7–7.6) | 4.6 (0.2–9.8) | 0.12 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.2 (0.5–2.3) | 1.5 (0.6–5.6) | 0.007 |
| Plasma glucose (mmol/l) | 5.4 (4.6–7.7) | 5.0 (3.2–22) | 0.15 |
| HbA1c, IFCC units (mmol/mol) | 36 (30–50) | 37 (21–87) | 0.57 |
| C-peptide (ng/ml) | 2.3 (0.5–7.8) | 6.3 (0.1–19) | 0.0001 |
| Endothelial function | |||
| ADMA (µmol/l) | 0.6 (0.3–1.6) | 0.9 (0.4–1.3) | <0.0001 |
| Arginine/ADMA | 168 (40–291) | 135 (51–314) | 0.02 |
| Inflammatory markers | |||
| PTX3 (ng/ml) | 0.7 (0.1–2.3) | 1.4 (0.4–7.5) | <0.0001 |
| hsCRP (mg/l) | 1.9 (0.4–42) | 2.6 (0.2–55) | 0.42 |
| IL-6 (pg/ml)1 | 3.1 (1.3–18) | 6.6 (0.8–32) | 0.002 |
| TNF (pg/ml) | 6.5 (4.0–10) | 14 (7.1–27) | <0.0001 |
| Fat mRNA expression (RQ) | |||
| PTX3 | 1.0 (0.3–30.1) | 1.9 (0.2–70.3) | 0.16 |
| IL-63 | 4.4 (1.0–90.4) | 5.6 (1.4–29.5) | 0.45 |
| CD68 | 1.0 (0.02–5.7) | 1.0 (0.1–3.1) | 0.87 |
| MCP1 | 0.6 (0.04–7.2) | 0.5 (0.1–8.1) | 0.90 |
Continuous data presented as mean (range). *Comparisons between groups with Wilcoxon rank sum test; 1Controls n = 22, patients n = 35; 2Controls n = 14, patients n = 11; 3Controls n = 22, patients n = 20. ADMA, asymmetric dimethylarginine; CKD, chronic kidney disease; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; hsCRP, high-sensitive C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin 6; MCP1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; NA, non applicable; PTX3, pentraxin 3; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.