TABLE 1—
Preterm (n = 727), Mean ±SD or No. (%) | Term LBW (n = 159), Mean ±SD or No. (%) | Control (n = 875), Mean ±SD or No. (%) | Preterm Crude OR (95% CI) | Term LBW Crude OR (95% CI) | |
Birth weight, g | 2839.7 ±763.3 | 2283.4 ±199.0 | 3421.1 ±437.9 | … | … |
Gestational age, d | 241.7 ±19.8 | 273.8 ±11.6 | 278.3 ±10.4 | … | … |
Demographic variables | |||||
Maternal age, y | |||||
< 20 | 93 (12.8) | 21 (13.2) | 95 (10.9) | 1.21 (0.77, 1.65) | 1.10 (0.55, 1.87) |
20–24 | 155 (21.3) | 39 (24.5) | 185 (21.1) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
25–29 | 181 (24.9) | 38 (23.9) | 272 (31.1) | 0.77 (0.55, 1.10) | 0.66 (0.44, 1.10) |
30–34 | 189 (26.0) | 42 (26.4) | 215 (24.6) | 1.10 (0.77, 1.43) | 0.88 (0.55, 1.54) |
≥ 35 | 109 (15.0) | 19 (11.9) | 108 (12.3) | 1.21 (0.88, 1.65) | 0.88 (0.44, 1.54) |
Maternal race/ethnicity | |||||
Non-Hispanic White | 79 (10.9) | 8 (5.0) | 113 (12.9) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
Hispanic White | 535 (73.6) | 122 (76.7) | 628 (71.8) | 1.21 (0.88, 1.65) | 2.75 (1.32, 5.72) |
Black | 51 (7.0) | 13 (8.2) | 48 (5.5) | 1.54 (0.88, 2.53) | 3.85 (1.54, 9.79) |
Asiana | 26 (3.6) | 9 (5.7) | 49 (5.6) | 0.77 (0.44, 1.32) | 2.64 (0.99, 7.15) |
Otherb | 32 (4.4) | 7 (4.4) | 31 (3.5) | 1.43 (0.88, 2.64) | 3.19 (1.10, 9.46) |
Missing | 4 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (0.7) | … | … |
Maternal education, y | |||||
≤ 8 | 127 (17.5) | 28 (17.6) | 135 (15.4) | 1.10 (0.77, 1.43) | 1.43 (0.77, 2.42) |
9–11 | 171 (23.5) | 39 (24.5) | 202 (23.1) | 0.99 (0.77, 1.21) | 1.32 (0.77, 2.20) |
12 | 199 (27.4) | 33 (20.8) | 223 (25.5) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
13–15 | 109 (15.0) | 30 (18.9) | 123 (14.1) | 0.99 (0.77, 1.32) | 1.65 (0.99, 2.86) |
≥ 16 | 111 (15.3) | 27 (17.0) | 171 (19.5) | 0.77 (0.55, 0.99) | 1.10 (0.66, 1.87) |
Missing | 10 (1.4) | 2 (1.3) | 21 (2.4) | … | … |
Maternal marital status | |||||
Single, separated, divorced, and widowed | 129 (17.7) | 39 (24.5) | 171 (19.5) | 1.32 (0.99, 1.65) | 1.21 (0.77, 1.76) |
Living together but not married | 201 (27.6) | 38 (23.9) | 198 (22.6) | 0.99 (0.77, 1.21) | 1.43 (0.88, 2.20) |
Married | 392 (53.9) | 81 (50.9) | 501 (57.3) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
Missing | 5 (0.7) | 1 (0.6) | 5 (0.6) | … | … |
Payment source for prenatal care | |||||
Private insurancec | 250 (34.4) | 48 (30.2) | 322 (36.8) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
Public insuranced | 465 (64.0) | 110 (69.2) | 541 (61.8) | 1.10 (0.88, 1.32) | 1.32 (0.99, 1.98) |
No insurance/othere | 12 (1.7) | 1 (0.6) | 9 (1.0) | 1.76 (0.66, 4.18) | 0.77 (0.11, 6.05) |
Missing | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.3) | … | … |
Parity | |||||
≥ 1 | 455 (62.6) | 86 (54.1) | 535 (61.1) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
0 | 272 (37.4) | 73 (45.9) | 340 (38.9) | 0.99 (0.77, 1.10) | 1.32 (0.99, 1.87) |
Maternal birthplace | |||||
Foreign-born | 487 (67.0) | 101 (63.5) | 585 (66.9) | 0.99 (0.77, 1.21) | 0.88 (0.66, 1.21) |
US-born | 239 (32.9) | 57 (35.8) | 290 (33.1) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
Missing | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | … | … |
Maternal birthplace | |||||
Mexico | 312 (42.9) | 62 (39.0) | 395 (45.1) | 0.99 (0.77, 1.21) | 0.77 (0.55, 1.21) |
Other (outside US) | 175 (24.1) | 39 (24.5) | 190 (21.7) | 1.10 (0.88, 1.43) | 0.99 (0.66, 1.65) |
United States | 239 (32.9) | 57 (35.8) | 290 (33.1) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
Missing | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | … | … |
Mother worked outside the home at any point during pregnancy | |||||
No | 381 (52.4) | 68 (42.8) | 439 (50.2) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
Yes | 344 (47.3) | 89 (56.0) | 430 (49.1) | 0.88 (0.77, 1.10) | 1.32 (0.99, 1.87) |
Missing | 2 (0.3) | 2 (1.3) | 6 (0.7) | … | … |
Owned the home in which she lived at any point during pregnancy | |||||
Own | 165 (22.7) | 40 (25.2) | 210 (24.0) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
Rent | 556 (76.5) | 115 (72.3) | 655 (74.9) | 1.10 (0.88, 1.32) | 0.88 (0.66, 1.32) |
Missing | 6 (0.8) | 4 (2.5) | 10 (1.1) | … | … |
Annual household income, $ | |||||
< 40 000 | 451 (62.0) | 95 (59.7) | 537 (61.4) | 1.10 (0.88, 1.43) | 1.10 (0.66, 1.65) |
≥ 40 000 | 140 (19.3) | 30 (18.9) | 185 (21.1) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
Missing | 136 (18.7) | 34 (21.4) | 153 (17.5) | … | … |
Health behaviors | |||||
Prenatal care | |||||
Began in trimester 1 | 654 (90.0) | 136 (85.5) | 816 (93.3) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
Began in trimester 2 or 3 or no prenatal care | 70 (9.6) | 21 (13.2) | 53 (6.1) | 1.65 (1.10, 2.42) | 2.42 (1.43, 4.07) |
Missing | 3 (0.4) | 2 (1.3) | 6 (0.7) | … | … |
Lived with ≥ 1 smokers during pregnancy | |||||
Did not live with smoker | 607 (83.5) | 132 (83.0) | 755 (86.3) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
Lived with smoker | 115 (15.8) | 27 (17.0) | 110 (12.6) | 1.32 (0.99, 1.76) | 1.43 (0.88, 2.20) |
Missing | 5 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (1.1) | … | … |
Used alcohol during pregnancy | |||||
No | 693 (95.3) | 148 (93.1) | 828 (94.6) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
Yes | 32 (4.4) | 11 (6.9) | 46 (5.3) | 0.88 (0.55, 1.32) | 1.32 (0.66, 2.64) |
Missing | 2 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | … | … |
Note. CI = confidence interval; LBW = low birth weight; OR = odds ratio. The sample size was n = 1761.
Includes Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, Cambodian, Thai, Laotian, Filipino, Indian, and other Asian.
Includes Native American, Eskimo, Aleut, Hawaiian, Guamanian, Samoan, Pacific Islanders, and others.
Includes private insurance, HMO, and Blue Cross and Blue Shield.
Includes Medicare, Medi-Cal, government, and other nongovernment programs.
Includes no prenatal care, self-pay, no charge, medically indigent, and other.