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. 2013 Apr;103(4):686–694. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300987

TABLE 1—

Frequencies and Crude ORs of Demographic and Indoor Air Pollution Variables Among Never Smokers: Environment and Pregnancy Outcomes Study, Los Angeles County, CA, 2003

Preterm (n = 727), Mean ±SD or No. (%) Term LBW (n = 159), Mean ±SD or No. (%) Control (n = 875), Mean ±SD or No. (%) Preterm Crude OR (95% CI) Term LBW Crude OR (95% CI)
Birth weight, g 2839.7 ±763.3 2283.4 ±199.0 3421.1 ±437.9
Gestational age, d 241.7 ±19.8 273.8 ±11.6 278.3 ±10.4
Demographic variables
Maternal age, y
 < 20 93 (12.8) 21 (13.2) 95 (10.9) 1.21 (0.77, 1.65) 1.10 (0.55, 1.87)
 20–24 155 (21.3) 39 (24.5) 185 (21.1) 1.00 (Ref) 1.00 (Ref)
 25–29 181 (24.9) 38 (23.9) 272 (31.1) 0.77 (0.55, 1.10) 0.66 (0.44, 1.10)
 30–34 189 (26.0) 42 (26.4) 215 (24.6) 1.10 (0.77, 1.43) 0.88 (0.55, 1.54)
 ≥ 35 109 (15.0) 19 (11.9) 108 (12.3) 1.21 (0.88, 1.65) 0.88 (0.44, 1.54)
Maternal race/ethnicity
 Non-Hispanic White 79 (10.9) 8 (5.0) 113 (12.9) 1.00 (Ref) 1.00 (Ref)
 Hispanic White 535 (73.6) 122 (76.7) 628 (71.8) 1.21 (0.88, 1.65) 2.75 (1.32, 5.72)
 Black 51 (7.0) 13 (8.2) 48 (5.5) 1.54 (0.88, 2.53) 3.85 (1.54, 9.79)
 Asiana 26 (3.6) 9 (5.7) 49 (5.6) 0.77 (0.44, 1.32) 2.64 (0.99, 7.15)
 Otherb 32 (4.4) 7 (4.4) 31 (3.5) 1.43 (0.88, 2.64) 3.19 (1.10, 9.46)
 Missing 4 (0.6) 0 (0.0) 6 (0.7)
Maternal education, y
 ≤ 8 127 (17.5) 28 (17.6) 135 (15.4) 1.10 (0.77, 1.43) 1.43 (0.77, 2.42)
 9–11 171 (23.5) 39 (24.5) 202 (23.1) 0.99 (0.77, 1.21) 1.32 (0.77, 2.20)
 12 199 (27.4) 33 (20.8) 223 (25.5) 1.00 (Ref) 1.00 (Ref)
 13–15 109 (15.0) 30 (18.9) 123 (14.1) 0.99 (0.77, 1.32) 1.65 (0.99, 2.86)
 ≥ 16 111 (15.3) 27 (17.0) 171 (19.5) 0.77 (0.55, 0.99) 1.10 (0.66, 1.87)
 Missing 10 (1.4) 2 (1.3) 21 (2.4)
Maternal marital status
 Single, separated, divorced, and widowed 129 (17.7) 39 (24.5) 171 (19.5) 1.32 (0.99, 1.65) 1.21 (0.77, 1.76)
 Living together but not married 201 (27.6) 38 (23.9) 198 (22.6) 0.99 (0.77, 1.21) 1.43 (0.88, 2.20)
 Married 392 (53.9) 81 (50.9) 501 (57.3) 1.00 (Ref) 1.00 (Ref)
 Missing 5 (0.7) 1 (0.6) 5 (0.6)
Payment source for prenatal care
 Private insurancec 250 (34.4) 48 (30.2) 322 (36.8) 1.00 (Ref) 1.00 (Ref)
 Public insuranced 465 (64.0) 110 (69.2) 541 (61.8) 1.10 (0.88, 1.32) 1.32 (0.99, 1.98)
 No insurance/othere 12 (1.7) 1 (0.6) 9 (1.0) 1.76 (0.66, 4.18) 0.77 (0.11, 6.05)
 Missing 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 3 (0.3)
Parity
 ≥ 1 455 (62.6) 86 (54.1) 535 (61.1) 1.00 (Ref) 1.00 (Ref)
 0 272 (37.4) 73 (45.9) 340 (38.9) 0.99 (0.77, 1.10) 1.32 (0.99, 1.87)
Maternal birthplace
 Foreign-born 487 (67.0) 101 (63.5) 585 (66.9) 0.99 (0.77, 1.21) 0.88 (0.66, 1.21)
 US-born 239 (32.9) 57 (35.8) 290 (33.1) 1.00 (Ref) 1.00 (Ref)
 Missing 1 (0.1) 1 (0.6) 0 (0.0)
Maternal birthplace
 Mexico 312 (42.9) 62 (39.0) 395 (45.1) 0.99 (0.77, 1.21) 0.77 (0.55, 1.21)
 Other (outside US) 175 (24.1) 39 (24.5) 190 (21.7) 1.10 (0.88, 1.43) 0.99 (0.66, 1.65)
 United States 239 (32.9) 57 (35.8) 290 (33.1) 1.00 (Ref) 1.00 (Ref)
 Missing 1 (0.1) 1 (0.6) 0 (0.0)
 Mother worked outside the home at any point  during pregnancy
 No 381 (52.4) 68 (42.8) 439 (50.2) 1.00 (Ref) 1.00 (Ref)
 Yes 344 (47.3) 89 (56.0) 430 (49.1) 0.88 (0.77, 1.10) 1.32 (0.99, 1.87)
 Missing 2 (0.3) 2 (1.3) 6 (0.7)
Owned the home in which she lived at any point during pregnancy
 Own 165 (22.7) 40 (25.2) 210 (24.0) 1.00 (Ref) 1.00 (Ref)
 Rent 556 (76.5) 115 (72.3) 655 (74.9) 1.10 (0.88, 1.32) 0.88 (0.66, 1.32)
 Missing 6 (0.8) 4 (2.5) 10 (1.1)
Annual household income, $
 < 40 000 451 (62.0) 95 (59.7) 537 (61.4) 1.10 (0.88, 1.43) 1.10 (0.66, 1.65)
 ≥ 40 000 140 (19.3) 30 (18.9) 185 (21.1) 1.00 (Ref) 1.00 (Ref)
 Missing 136 (18.7) 34 (21.4) 153 (17.5)
Health behaviors
Prenatal care
 Began in trimester 1 654 (90.0) 136 (85.5) 816 (93.3) 1.00 (Ref) 1.00 (Ref)
 Began in trimester 2 or 3 or no prenatal care 70 (9.6) 21 (13.2) 53 (6.1) 1.65 (1.10, 2.42) 2.42 (1.43, 4.07)
 Missing 3 (0.4) 2 (1.3) 6 (0.7)
Lived with ≥ 1 smokers during pregnancy
 Did not live with smoker 607 (83.5) 132 (83.0) 755 (86.3) 1.00 (Ref) 1.00 (Ref)
 Lived with smoker 115 (15.8) 27 (17.0) 110 (12.6) 1.32 (0.99, 1.76) 1.43 (0.88, 2.20)
Missing 5 (0.7) 0 (0.0) 10 (1.1)
Used alcohol during pregnancy
 No 693 (95.3) 148 (93.1) 828 (94.6) 1.00 (Ref) 1.00 (Ref)
 Yes 32 (4.4) 11 (6.9) 46 (5.3) 0.88 (0.55, 1.32) 1.32 (0.66, 2.64)
 Missing 2 (0.3) 0 (0.0) 1 (0.1)

Note. CI = confidence interval; LBW = low birth weight; OR = odds ratio. The sample size was n = 1761.

a

Includes Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, Cambodian, Thai, Laotian, Filipino, Indian, and other Asian.

b

Includes Native American, Eskimo, Aleut, Hawaiian, Guamanian, Samoan, Pacific Islanders, and others.

c

Includes private insurance, HMO, and Blue Cross and Blue Shield.

d

Includes Medicare, Medi-Cal, government, and other nongovernment programs.

e

Includes no prenatal care, self-pay, no charge, medically indigent, and other.