Figure 1.

Noninvasive assessments of vascular function in nonhuman primates(NHPs). A: FMD measurement in NHPs. A study protocol diagram is shown in panel A. Primates were sedated, and PWV was measured first, followed by baseline femoral diameter measurement (D₀). Following a 5-min ischemia, the reactive hyperemia response was triggered by cuff release, and vessel diameter was measured at 1 min of the hyperemia response (D₁). Following a recovery from 1^st FMD determination, additional drug treatment and 2^nd FMD measurement may apply if needed, and this is typically achieved within 40 min. FMD is calculated as percentage change of D₁ from D₀. An ultrasonographic picture is shown that depicts a femoral artery. B: PWV measurement in NHPs. Pulse waves from the right brachial and femoral arteries, as depicted, were collected. PWV was calculated as the Distance/Time using the equation shown, which is based on distance difference (Δx) between the two detection sites (femoral artery and brachial artery) and Δt, the difference in time lapse of a pressure wave gated to the corresponding ECG R-wave at the two detection sites (B left panel). A window of PWV recording by SphygmoCor program is shown (B right panel). See Method part for detailed description.