Table 7: Articles Reporting Detailed Information on Earthquake-Related Injuries (n=50)*.
Notes: Peek-Asa 2000 and Laverick, 2007 reported detailed information on injury but are excluded from the table because no information was reported on factors included in the table. In many cases reporting by injury type, age, and/or sex was incomplete which is why numbers reported for each outcome may not sum to the total number of deaths reported.
| Article | Event | Injuries Reported | Injuries By Type and Cause | By Sex | By Age | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | Female | |||||||
| N | (%) | N | (%) | |||||
| Angus, 1997 | Turkey, 1992 | 29 | Not reported | NR | NR | NR | NR | Not reported |
| Armenian, 1992 | Armenia, 1988 | 189 | Not reported | 120 | 63% | 69 | 37% | Descriptive only |
| Armenian, 1997 | Armenia, 1988 | 1454 | Fractures/broken bones (37%) and crush injuries (27%) were most common | 658 | 45% | 796 | 55% | Not reported |
| Bai, 2009 | Pakistan, 2005 | 2194 | Open wounds (68%), soft tissue (20%), and fractures (18%), most often in lower extremity; infection was common. | 166 | 60% | 109 | 40% | Descriptive only |
| Bissell, 1994 | Costa Rica, 1991 | 182 | Crush injuries, long bone fractures and soft tissue injuries were most common | NR | NR | NR | NR | Not reported |
| CDC, 2010 | Haiti, 2010 | 126 | Fractures/dislocations, wound infections, and head, face, and brain injuries were most common. | 74 | 46% | 85 | 53% | Descriptive; young adults were most at risk |
| Dhar, 2007 | Pakistan, 2005 | 468 | Fractures/broken bones (58%), soft tissue only (35%), chest trauma (5%), spine injuries (4%), and others (2%). | 271 | 58% | 197 | 42% | Descriptive only |
| Doocy, 2009 | Peru, 2007 | 92 | Crush injuries (31%), fractures (23%), wounds (20%), other types (18%), and blunt force injury (8%) were most common. | 2% | 3% | Injury risk increased by 3% per additional year of age. | ||
| Ellidokuz, 2005 | Turkey, 2002 | 18 | 18 injured persons, including 4 with fractures/broken bones and 1 burn patient all had lacerations or contusions. | 9 | 50% | 9 | 50% | Descriptive only |
| Emami, 2005 | Iran, 2003 | 708 | Lacerations/contusions (27%), fractures/broken bones (20%), and crush syndrome (4%) were most common. | 392 | 55% | 316 | 45% | Descriptive only |
| Farfel, 2011 | Haiti, 2010 | 182 | Open wounds (29%), fractures (26%), crush injuries (16%), superficial injuries (16%), contusions (4%), dislocations (3%), and head injuries (3%) were most common. | NR | NR | NR | NR | Descriptive only |
| Ganjouei, 2008 | Iran, 2003 | 1250 | Lower limb (41%), pelvis (26%) and head injuries (25%) were most common among hospitalized patients in the study. | 223 | 54% | 193 | 46% | Risk of injury was highest among 19-60yrs of age and very low among children |
| Hatamizadeh, 2006 | Iran, 2003 | 2086 | Trauma to extremities (36%), head/neck (16%), abdomen (16%), and thorax (9%). | 1079 | 52% | 966 | 46% | Significantly lower injury risk for those <15 yrs (p<.001) and higher risk for young/ middle-aged adults (p<.001). |
| Iskit, 2001 | Marmara Turkey, 1999 | 33 | Crush injuries/syndrome (45%), and fractures/broken bones (24%) were most common. | 17 | 52% | 16 | 48% | Not significant |
| Jain, 2003 | India, 2001 | 62 | Orthopedic injury (42%), soft tissue injury (10%), and burns (6%). | NR | NR | NR | NR | Descriptive only |
| Jian, 2010 | China, 2008 | 196 | Multiple trauma (36%), and lower limb injury (34%) were the most common. | 88 | 45% | 108 | 55% | Descriptive only |
| Kuwagata, 1997 | Japan, 1995 | 2702 | Fractures/broken bones (45%), soft tissue injury (33%), crush syndrome (14%), burns (2%), nerve injuries (2%), other (2%) and unknown (4%). | NR | NR | NR | NR | Not reported |
| Liang, 2001 | Taiwan, 1999 | 8722 | 90% suffered from head injury, open wounds, contusions or fractures | NR | NR | NR | NR | Not reported |
| Mahue-Giangreco, 2001 | California, 1994 | 418 | Not reported | 167 | 40% | 251 | 60% | Risk of injury increased with age category (NS); risk of injury was 6 times greater in patients 60+yr compared 30-39yr |
| McArthur, 2000 | California, 1994 | 138 | Not reported | NR | NR | NR | NR | Significantly lower risk among children and higher risk among adults >65yrs |
| Milch, 2010 | Peru, 2007 | --- | Not reported | NR | NR | NR | NR | Not reported |
| Mohebbi, 2008 | Iran, 2003 | 854 | Fractures of the lower extremities most common (25%) | 467 | 55% | 387 | 45% | Descriptive only |
| Mulvey, 2008 | Pakistan, 2005 | 1502 | Lacerations (65%), fractures (22%), and soft tissue (6%). | 262 | 56% | 206 | 44% | Descriptive only; highest among young adults |
| Nadjafi, 1997 | Iran, 1990 | 495 | Crush syndrome 6% | NR | NR | NR | NR | Not reported |
| Parasuraman, 1995 | India, 1993 | 9082 | Minor injuries (47%). Among 4803 in-patients: upper limb (24%), head (18%), spinal (9%), lower limb (14%), paralysis (7%), multiple fractures (3%), eye (3%) and other (23%). | NR | NR | NR | NR | Not reported |
| Peek-Asa et al, 1998 | California, 1994 | 171 | Causes: falls (56%), hit/trapped (23%), burned/electrocuted (7%), cut/pierced (5%), vehicle accidents (3%), other (6%). | 78 | 46% | 93 | 54% | Injury rates increased significantly with age; trend was more pronounced for hospitalized injuries. |
| Peek-Asa et al, 2003 | California, 1994 | 103 | Not reported | 36 | 35% | 67 | 65% | Among adults, risk of injury increased by 1.3 (CI: 1.1-1.6) per every 10yrs in age. |
| Pocan et al, 2002 | Turkey, 1999 | 630 | Crush syndrome (5%), upper extremity (5%), lower extremity (8%), multiple extremities (2%). | NR | NR | NR | NR | Not reported |
| Pointer et al, 1992 | California, 1989 | 1082 | Minor injuries (59%), fractures/broken bones (17%), sprains/dislocations (15%), head injuries 4%. | NR | NR | NR | NR | Not reported |
| Qui, 2010 | 3401 | Causes: blunt strike (68%), crush/burying (19%) and slip/falling (13%). Extremity injuries (55%) and fractures accounted (53%) were most common. | 1684 | 50% | 1713 | 50% | Descriptive only | |
| Roces et al, 1992 | Philippines, 1990 | 363 | Contusions (30%), abrasions (16%), fractures/broken bones (16%), lacerations (12%). 56% had injured extremities. Causes: falling debris (34%), entrapment (30%), falls (16%), and landslides (10%). | NR | NR | NR | NR | Not reported |
| Roy, 2002 | India, 2001 | 283 | Spine/pelvis (17%), upper extremity (13%), chest/abdominal trauma (<4%), crush syndrome (<2%). | 125 | 44% | 158 | 56% | Descriptive only |
| Sabzehchian, 2006 | Iran, 2003 | 119 | Lacerations/contusions (51%), fractures/broken bones (53%), head injuries (31%) | 59 | 50% | 60 | 50% | Descriptive only |
| Salinas et al, 1998 | California, 1994 | 329 | Lacerations/contusions accounted for 50% of injuries. | NR | NR | NR | NR | Descriptive only |
| Sami, 2009 | Pakistan, 2005 | 298 | Bone injuries (41%), soft tissue injuries (36%), mixed injuries (23%). | 137 | 46% | 161 | 54% | Descriptive; injuries concentrated in <30 population but older adults face increased risk |
| Shoaf et al, 1998 | California, 1987, 1989, 1994 | 183 | Falling debris, physical force of earthquake, and falls caused most injuries. | 65 | 36% | 118 | 64% | Mixed: Injured respondents were significantly older in Loma Prieta and significantly younger in Northridge. |
| Tanaka et al, 1999 | Japan, 1995 | 2718 | Fractures/broken bones (55%), lacerations/contusions (35%), crush injury (12%), peripheral nerve injury (5%); and burns (2%). | NR | NR | NR | NR | Morbidity rates increased with age |
| Teeter, 1996 | California, 1994 | --- | Of all care seekers, 9% reported earthquake-related musculoskeletal injuries, and 3% lacerations/contusions. | NR | NR | NR | NR | Descriptive only |
| Uzun, 2005 | Turkey, 1999 | 75 | Crush injury (19%) and fractures/broken bones (15%) | 34 | 45% | 41 | 55% | Descriptive only |
| Wen, 2009 | China, 2008 | 36 | Not reported | NR | NR | NR | NR | Not reported |
| Xiang, 2009 | China, 2008 | 119 | Fractures were the most common injury type followed by soft tissue injuries. | 58 | 49% | 61 | 51% | Descriptive only |
| Yang, 2009 | China, 2008 | 533 | The most common injuries were limb and pelvis (59%), soft tissue (39%) and chest (21%). | 234 | 44% | 299 | 56% | Descriptive only |
| Yasin, 2009 | Pakistan, 2005 | 1698 | Poly-trauma with the most common major injuries being fracture and soft tissue related. | NR | NR | NR | NR | Not reported |
| Zhang, 2009 | China, 2008 | 1723 | Lower limb (36%) and head injuries (18%) were most common. | 848 | 48% | 922 | 52% | Descriptive only |
| Zhao, 201169 | China, 2008 | 192` | Distribution of pediatric injuries: limb 106 (55.2%); body surface 67 (34.9%); head 23 (12%); chest 18 (9.4%); spine 17 (8.9%); pelvis 13 (6.8%); abdomen 6 (3.1%); and face/neck 6 (3.1%). | NR | NR | NR | NR | Not reported |
| Ardagh 201269 | New Zealand, 2011 | 6659 | The most common types of injuries included: Lumbar sprain 721, Neck sprain 531, Sprain of shoulder and upper arm 297, Contusion, knee and lower leg 260, Rotator cuff sprain 205, Ankle sprain 204, Thoracic sprain 140, Open leg wound 140, Contusion, shoulder or upper arm 138, Dental injuries 136 | 2032 | 31% | 4627 | 69% | Injury rates were highest among middle age adults (40-59 yrs) at 21%. Lower injury rates were observed in children and older adults. |
| Kang, 201270 | China, 2010 | 2622 | Bone fractures were diagnosed in 1,431 (55.1%) patients and crush syndrome was observed in 23 (0.9%). | 1330 | 51% | 1268 | 49% | 1,426 (43.8%) were middle-aged (31-50 years) |
| Sudaryo, 201271 | Indonesia, 2009 | 184 | Bruises (41%), bone fracture and/or dislocation (39%) were the most predominant types of injury. The extremities (both upper and lower) were the most affected part of the injured body (81%). | 53 | 29% | 131 | 71% | Not reported |
| Tan, 201272 | Indonesia, 2009 | 113 | 55% of emergency department patients had a trauma-related diagnosis. | 66 | 58% | 47 | 42% | Not reported |