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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: CA Cancer J Clin. 2013 Mar 15;63(3):193–214. doi: 10.3322/caac.21180

Table 1.

Characteristics of Identified Studies on Decision Aids

Author & Year* Screening Options Target Population** Design Setting Follow-up Duration
Breast Cancer Mammogram Screening (n=9)
Kadison 1998 [14] BSE, CBE, MMG Women aged 22–75 years Longitudinal uncontrolled study: Interactive voice response risk assessment (initially n=343; follow-up n=189) 2 companies in US 8 months
Street 1998 [15] MMG Women aged 40–75 years RCT: Computer-based multimedia DA (n=54) vs. print DA (n=54) 2 primary care clinics in US Immediate
Lawrence 2000 [16] MMG Women aged 49–89 years One-time uncontrolled intervention: Print DA (n=103) 1 medical school, 1primary care clinic, & 1 community center in US Immediate
Valdez 2001 [17] MMG Hispanic women aged ≥40 years Parallel-group randomized experimental design (pre- vs. post): Computer kiosk-based DA (n=269) 5 clinics and 1 community-based organization in US 4 months
Rimer 2001 [18], 2002 [19] MMG Women aged 40–44 and 50–54 years 3-arm RCT: Tailored print newsletter + telephone counseling (n=339) + tailored print newsletter (n=374) + usual care (n=378) 1 state-based health insurance membership in US 24 months
Lewis 2003 [20] MMG Women aged 35–49 years 3-arm RCT: Positive video (n=64) vs. neutral video (n=54) vs. negative video (n=60) University-based general medicine clinic in US Immediate
Mathieu 2007 [21] MMG Women aged 70–71 years RCT: Print DA (n=367) vs. Usual care (n=367) Communities in Australia 1 month
Vernon 2008 [22] MMG Women aged ≥52 years 3-arm RCT: Tailored print + targeted print intervention (n=1803) + targeted print intervention only (n=1857) + usual care (n=1840) National veteran registry in US 2 years
Mathieu 2010 [23] MMG Women aged 38–45 years RCT: Immediate web-based DA (n=189) vs. delayed web-based DA (n=223) Online recruitment in Australia Immediate
Breast Cancer Genetic Testing (n=9)
Lerman 1997 [24] BRCA testing Women aged 18–75 years with family history of breast or ovarian cancer 3-arm RCT: Print DA + counseling (n=122) + print DA (n=114) only vs. waiting list control (n=164) 2 cancer centers in US 1 month
Green 2001 [25] BRCA testing Women aged 19–59 years with family history of breast cancer 3-arm RCT: Interactive, multi-media CD-ROM DA + counseling (n=29) vs. counseling (n=29) vs. usual care (n=14) 1 federal research facility in US Immediate
Schwartz 2001 [26] BRCA testing Ashkenazi Jewish women aged 18–83 years RCT: Print DA (n=191) vs. Usual care (n=190) Religious organization in 1 month
Green 2004 [27], 2005 [28] BRCA testing Women aged 24–77 years with personal or family history of breast cancer RCT: Interactive, multi-media CD-ROM DA + counseling (n=106) vs. counseling(n=105) 5 university hospitals & 1 community hospital in US 6 months
Miller 2005 [29] BRCA testing Women aged ≥18 years RCT: Print DA vs. usual care (total n=279) 1 federal research facility in US 6 months
Wang 2005 [30] BRCA testing Women aged 22–76 years 2×2 factorial design: CD-ROM DA + counselor feedback (n=50) vs. CD-ROM DA only (n=50) vs. counselor feedback only (n=49) vs. usual care (n=48) 1 university-based cancer clinic in US Immediate
Wakefield 2008a [31] BRCA testing Women aged ≥18 years with family history of breast/ovarian cancer RCT: Print DA (n=73) vs. Control pamphlet (n=72) 5 cancer clinics in Australia 6 months
Wakefield 2008b [32] BRCA testing Women aged ≥18 years with family history of breast/ovarian cancer RCT: Detailed print DA (n=73) vs. Contorl pamphlet (n=75) 5 cancer clinics in Australia 6 months
Gray 2009 [33] BRCA testing Women aged 18–70 years with personal/family history of breast or ovarian cancer 3-arm RCT: Website with risk information on BRCA testing attributed to experts (n=98) vs. not attributed (n=93) vs. no risk information (n=93) 1 university-based research facility in US Immediate
Cervical Cancer Screening (n=2)
Adab 2003 [12] Cervical cytology Women aged 20–64 years RCT: Leaflet with risks & uncertainties (n=155) vs. standard leaflet (n=145) 3 general practices in United Kingdom Immediate
Park 2005 [13] Cervical cytology Women of unknown ages Nonequivalent, control group, post-test only design: DA (n=48) vs. usual care (n=48) 1 church in Korea Immediate
Colorectal Cancer Screening (n=21)
Pignone 2000 [34] SBT, FS, SBT+FS Men & women aged 50–75 years RCT: Video DA (n=125) vs. usual care (n=124) 3 community primary care practices in US 3–6 months
Wolf 2000 [35] SBT, FS, SBT+FS Men & women ≥65 years 3-arm RCT: Absolute risk script (n=136) vs. relative risk script (n=130) vs. control script (n=133) 4 general internal medicine practices (1 university, 3 community) in US Immediate
Dolan 2002 [36] SBT, FS, SBT+FS, BE, COL Men & women aged 50–83 years RCT: Print DA (n=50) vs. Usual care (n=47) 1 community and 1 university-based internal medicine clinc in US Immediate
Zapka 2004 [37] FS Men & women aged 50–74 years RCT: Educational video (n=450) + mailing vs. no video (n=488) 5 primary care practices in US 6 months
Jerant 2007 [38] SBT, FS, COL Men & women aged ≥50 years RCT: Tailored multimedia computer program (n=24) vs. non-tailored program (n=25) 6 community family practices in US Immediate
Myers 2007 [39] SBT, SBT+FS Men & women aged 50–74 years 4-arm RCT: Tailored print + phone counseling (n=386) vs. tailored print (n=386) vs. non-tailored print (n=387) vs. usual care (n=387) 1 university-based family practice in US 24 months
Ruffin 2007 [40] SBT, FS, SBT+FS, BE, COL Men & women never screened for CRC, aged 50–70 years RCT: Interactive website (n=87)vs. standard website (n=87) 3 communities (urban, suburban, rural) in US 24 weeks
Griffith 2008a [41] SBT, FS, SBT+FS, BE, COL (SBT, COL in 2-option) Men & women aged 48–75 years RCT: 5-option DVD DA (n=25) vs. 2-option DVD DA (n=37) 1 university-based research facility in US Immediate
Griffith 2008b [42] SBT, FS, SBT+FS, BE, COL Men & women aged 50–85 years RCT: 5-option + no screening option video DA (n=57) vs. 5-option video DA (n=49) 3 communities in US Immediate
Katsumura 2008 [43] SBT, COL Men & women aged 40–59 years RCT: Internet-based information + risk information (n=146) vs. internet-based information only (n=139) 1 internet community in Japan Immediate
Lewis 2008 [44] SBT, FS, COL Men & women aged 50–75 years RCT: Mailed print DA (n=137) + waiting list control (n=100) University-based general medicine clinic in US 5 months
Trevena 2008 [45] SBT Men & women aged 50–74 years RCT Print DA (n=157) vs. government guidelines (n=157) 6 community family practices in Australia 1 month
Makoul 2009 [46] SBT, FS, COL Hispanic men & women aged 50–80 years Pre-test/post-test design: Computer kiosk DA (n=270) 2 community clinics in US Immediate
Manne 2009 [47] COL Men & women with family history of CRC 3-arm RCT: Tailored print + telephone counseling (n=112) vs. tailored print (n=161) vs. standard print (n=139) 26 medical centers in US 6 months
Lewis 2010 [48] SBT, COL Men & women aged 75–95 years One-time uncontrolled intervention: Print DA (n=46) 1 senior center in US Immediate
Smith 2010 [49] SBT Men & women with low educational attainment, aged 55–64 years 3-arm RCT: Print & DVD DA + question prompt list (n=196) vs. print & DVD DA only (n=188) vs. standard information (n=188) Community in Australia 3 months
Miller 2011 [50] SBT, FS, COL Men & women aged 50–74 years RCT: Web-based DA (n=132) vs. usual care (n=132) 1 community internal medicine clinic in US 24 weeks
Pignone 2011 [51] SBT, FS, SBT+FS, BE, COL Men & women aged 52–80 years Clustered RCT: DVD/VHS DA (n=211) + academic detailing of practices vs. usual care (n=232) 32 primary care practices participating in a single health insurance plan in US 12 months
Schroy 2011 [52] SBT, FS, SBT+FS, BE, COL Men & women aged 50–75 years 3-arm RCT: DVD DA + personalized risk assessment (n=223) vs. DVD DA (n=212) vs. usual care (n=231) 1 university-based internal medicine clinic & 1 community health center in US Immediate
Steckelberg 2011 [53] SBT, COL Men & women aged 50–75 years RCT: Print DA with risk information (n=785) vs. print standard information (n=792) Health insurance membership in Germany 6 months
Vernon 2011 [54] SBT, FS, BE, COL Men & women aged 50–70 years 3-arm RCT: Tailored website (n=413) vs. non-tailored website (n=398) vs. usual care (n=413) 1 university-based clinic in US 24 months
Prostate Cancer Screening (n=29)
Flood 1996 [55] PSA Men aged ≥50 years RCT: Educational videotape (n=184) vs. control videotape (n=188) 1 university hospital in US (free screening program and clinic) Immediate
Wolf 1996 [56], 1998 [57] PSA Men aged ≥50 years RCT: Scripted DA (n=103) vs. usual care (n=102) 4 university-affiliated primary care practices in US Immediate
Myers 1999 [58] PSA, DRE Men aged 40–70 years RCT: Print information + tailored information (n=192) vs. print information (n=221) only 1 university-based clinic in US 1 year
Schapira 2000 [59] PSA, DRE Men aged 50–80 years RCT: Print DA with detailed risk description (n=122) vs. print information without (n=135) 1 VA clinic in US 2 weeks
Frosch 2001 [60] PSA Men aged ≥50 years 2×2 factorial design: Shared decision making video + discussion on risks and benefits (n=42) vs. video only (n=46) vs. discussion only (n=45) vs. usual care (n=43) 1 community hospital in US Immediate
Wilt 2001 [61] PSA, DRE Men aged ≥50 years RCT: Mailed print DA (n=180) + survey vs. usual care (n=195) 1 VA primary care clinic in US 1 year
Volk 1999 [62], 2003 [63] PSA Men aged 45–70 years RCT: Video DA before doctor visit (n=80) vs. information booklet 2 weeks after doctor visit (n=80) 1 university-based family medicine clinic 1 year
Frosch 2003 [64] PSA Men aged ≥50 years RCT: Web-based DA (n=114) vs. video DA (n=112) 1 community hospital in US Immediate
Gattellari 2003 [65] PSA, DRE Men aged 40–70 years RCT: Print DA (n=126) vs. conventional pamphlet (n=122) 13 general practices in Australia 3 days
Ruthman 2004 [66] PSA Men aged 50–80 years Staged 2-group pre-/post-test quasi-experimental design: Video DA (n=52) vs. usual care (n=52) 1 VA clinic in US Immediate
Sheridan 2004 [67] PSA Men aged 45–85 years One-time uncontrolled intervention with pre-/post-tests: print DA (n=188) 1 university-based internal medicine clinic in US Immediate
Gattellari 2005 [68] PSA Men aged 50–70 years 3-arm RCT: Video DA (n=141) vs. print DA (n=140) vs. conventional leaflet (n=140) 1 large community in Australia ≥7 days
Myers 2005 [69] PSA, DRE African American aged 40–69 years RCT: Print DA + educational session (n=121) vs. print DA only (n=121) 3 community primary care practices in US 6–11 months
Partin 2004 [70], 2006 [71] PSA Men aged ≥50 years 3-arm RCT: Video DA (n=308) vs. print DA (n=295) vs. usual care (n=290) 4 VA clinics in US 1 year
Watson 2006 [72] PSA Men aged 40–75 years RCT: Print DA + survey (n=980) vs. usual care (n=980) 11 general practices in United Kingdom Immediate
Kripalani 2007 [73] PSA, DRE Men aged 45–70 years 3-arm RCT: Detailed educational print (n=101) vs. simple educational print (n=101) vs. usual care (n=101) 1 academic teaching hospital in US Immediate
Krist 2007 [74] PSA Men aged 50–70 years 3-arm RCT: Web-based DA (n=226) vs. print DA (n=196) vs. usual care (n=76) 1 community family practice in US 2 weeks
Ellison 2008 [75] PSA, DRE African American men aged 40–65 years RCT: Web-based DA tailored to family history of prostate cancer (n=46) vs. web-based non-tailored DA (n=41) 1 annual mason convention in US Immediate
Ilic 2008 [76] PSA Men never screened for prostate cancer, aged >45 years 3-arm RCT: Web-based education (n=56) vs. video-based education (n=55) vs. print-based education (n=50) 5 states in Australia 1 week
Stephens 2008 [77] PSA, DRE African American men aged 40–70 years and non-African American men aged 50–70 years Solomon 4-group design: Pre-test + print DA + post-DA process measures + post-test (n=50) vs. DA booklet + post-DA process measures + post-test (n=50) vs. pre-test + post-test (n=50) vs. post-test only (n=50) 10 urban professional research facilities in US Immediate
Volk 2008 [78] PSA, DRE African American men aged 40–70 years, non-African American men aged 50–70 years RCT: Computer-based interactive DA (n=224) vs. print DA + CD (n=226) 2 primary care clinics in US 2 weeks
Weinrich 2008 [79] PSA, DRE African American men aged 40–70 years, Caucasian men aged 50–70 years Post-intervention, quasi-experimental design: Enhanced DA (print DA + physician and peer pictures and statements; n=120) vs. print DA only (n=110) 4 urban communities in US Immediate
Frosch 2008 [80], (Bhatnagar 2009 [81]) PSA Men aged ≥50 years 2×2 factorial design: Didactic DA + chronic disease trajectory (n=152) vs. DA only (n=155) vs. chronic disease trajectory only (n=153) vs. control (public websites on prostate cancer; n=151) 1 community hospital in US 2–3 weeks
Allen 2009 [82] PSA, DRE African American men ≥50 years Pre-/post-test quasi-experimental design: Computerized-tailored DA (n=108) Multiple community settings in US Immediate
Allen 2010 [83] PSA Men aged ≥45 years RCT: Computerized-tailored DA (n=398) vs. no intervention (n=414) 12 work sites in US 3 months
Joseph-Williams 2010 [84] PSA Men never screened with PSA, aged 50–75 years 4-arm RCT: Web-based DA (n=129) vs. print DA (n=126) vs. surveys only (n=127) vs. usual care (n=132) 1 community in United Kingdom 6 months
Rubel 2010 [85] PSA Non-African American men aged 50–70 years Solomon 4-group design: Pre-test + print DA + post-test (n=50) vs. print DA + post-test (n=50) vs. pre-test + post-test (n=50) vs. post-test only (n=50) 5 professional research facilities in US Immediate
Van Vugt 2010 [86] PSA Men never screened with PSA, aged 55–65 years One-time uncontrolled intervention with pre-/post-tests: print DA (n=729) 1 city in Netherlands Immediate
Capik 2012 [87] PSA, DRE Turkish men aged 41–65 years Pre-/post-test longitudinal study: web-assisted education and reminders (n=110) 2 public institutions in Turkey 6 months
Multiple Cancer Screening (n=3)
Frosch 2008 [88] Prostate: PSA; colorectal: not specified Men and women aged ≥50 years except African American men, who were aged ≥45 years Sequential distribution of information brochure and video DA: video DA (n=100) vs. information brochure (n=107) 13 community-based primary care practices in US Immediate
Brackett 2010 [89] Prostate: PSA; colorectal: not specified Men aged 50–75 years for prostate cancer; men & women aged 50–75 years for CRC 4 video DA distribution methods: Automatic pre-visit DA mailing (n=1625), pre-visit video DA mailing upon request (n=84), post-visit video DA offered by medical assistant (n=724), post-visit video DA offered by physician (n=52) 1 rural university hospital and 1 rural VA hospital in US Immediate
Krist 2012 [90] Prostate: PSA; breast, cervical, colorectal: not specified Men & women aged 18–75 years RCT: Interactive preventive health record that includes DAs pertinent to the patient’s indicated cancer screening (n=2250) vs. usual care (n=2250) 8 primary care practices in US 16 months

Abbreviations:

BE: Barium Enema

BSE: Breast Self-Examination

CBE: Clinical Breast Examination

COL: Colonoscopy

CRC: Colorectal Cancer

DA: Decision Aid

DRE: Digital Rectal Examination

FS: Flexible Sigmoidoscopy

MMG: Mammogram

PSA: Prostate Specific Antigen

RCT: Randomized Controlled Trial

SBT: Stool Blood Test

US: United States

VA: Veterans Administration

*

Listed in ascending order of the year of publication for each cancer.

**

All target populations were patients, not clinicians.