Table 1.
Characteristics of Identified Studies on Decision Aids
| Author & Year* | Screening Options | Target Population** | Design | Setting | Follow-up Duration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Breast Cancer Mammogram Screening (n=9) | |||||
| Kadison 1998 [14] | BSE, CBE, MMG | Women aged 22–75 years | Longitudinal uncontrolled study: Interactive voice response risk assessment (initially n=343; follow-up n=189) | 2 companies in US | 8 months |
| Street 1998 [15] | MMG | Women aged 40–75 years | RCT: Computer-based multimedia DA (n=54) vs. print DA (n=54) | 2 primary care clinics in US | Immediate |
| Lawrence 2000 [16] | MMG | Women aged 49–89 years | One-time uncontrolled intervention: Print DA (n=103) | 1 medical school, 1primary care clinic, & 1 community center in US | Immediate |
| Valdez 2001 [17] | MMG | Hispanic women aged ≥40 years | Parallel-group randomized experimental design (pre- vs. post): Computer kiosk-based DA (n=269) | 5 clinics and 1 community-based organization in US | 4 months |
| Rimer 2001 [18], 2002 [19] | MMG | Women aged 40–44 and 50–54 years | 3-arm RCT: Tailored print newsletter + telephone counseling (n=339) + tailored print newsletter (n=374) + usual care (n=378) | 1 state-based health insurance membership in US | 24 months |
| Lewis 2003 [20] | MMG | Women aged 35–49 years | 3-arm RCT: Positive video (n=64) vs. neutral video (n=54) vs. negative video (n=60) | University-based general medicine clinic in US | Immediate |
| Mathieu 2007 [21] | MMG | Women aged 70–71 years | RCT: Print DA (n=367) vs. Usual care (n=367) | Communities in Australia | 1 month |
| Vernon 2008 [22] | MMG | Women aged ≥52 years | 3-arm RCT: Tailored print + targeted print intervention (n=1803) + targeted print intervention only (n=1857) + usual care (n=1840) | National veteran registry in US | 2 years |
| Mathieu 2010 [23] | MMG | Women aged 38–45 years | RCT: Immediate web-based DA (n=189) vs. delayed web-based DA (n=223) | Online recruitment in Australia | Immediate |
| Breast Cancer Genetic Testing (n=9) | |||||
| Lerman 1997 [24] | BRCA testing | Women aged 18–75 years with family history of breast or ovarian cancer | 3-arm RCT: Print DA + counseling (n=122) + print DA (n=114) only vs. waiting list control (n=164) | 2 cancer centers in US | 1 month |
| Green 2001 [25] | BRCA testing | Women aged 19–59 years with family history of breast cancer | 3-arm RCT: Interactive, multi-media CD-ROM DA + counseling (n=29) vs. counseling (n=29) vs. usual care (n=14) | 1 federal research facility in US | Immediate |
| Schwartz 2001 [26] | BRCA testing | Ashkenazi Jewish women aged 18–83 years | RCT: Print DA (n=191) vs. Usual care (n=190) | Religious organization in | 1 month |
| Green 2004 [27], 2005 [28] | BRCA testing | Women aged 24–77 years with personal or family history of breast cancer | RCT: Interactive, multi-media CD-ROM DA + counseling (n=106) vs. counseling(n=105) | 5 university hospitals & 1 community hospital in US | 6 months |
| Miller 2005 [29] | BRCA testing | Women aged ≥18 years | RCT: Print DA vs. usual care (total n=279) | 1 federal research facility in US | 6 months |
| Wang 2005 [30] | BRCA testing | Women aged 22–76 years | 2×2 factorial design: CD-ROM DA + counselor feedback (n=50) vs. CD-ROM DA only (n=50) vs. counselor feedback only (n=49) vs. usual care (n=48) | 1 university-based cancer clinic in US | Immediate |
| Wakefield 2008a [31] | BRCA testing | Women aged ≥18 years with family history of breast/ovarian cancer | RCT: Print DA (n=73) vs. Control pamphlet (n=72) | 5 cancer clinics in Australia | 6 months |
| Wakefield 2008b [32] | BRCA testing | Women aged ≥18 years with family history of breast/ovarian cancer | RCT: Detailed print DA (n=73) vs. Contorl pamphlet (n=75) | 5 cancer clinics in Australia | 6 months |
| Gray 2009 [33] | BRCA testing | Women aged 18–70 years with personal/family history of breast or ovarian cancer | 3-arm RCT: Website with risk information on BRCA testing attributed to experts (n=98) vs. not attributed (n=93) vs. no risk information (n=93) | 1 university-based research facility in US | Immediate |
| Cervical Cancer Screening (n=2) | |||||
| Adab 2003 [12] | Cervical cytology | Women aged 20–64 years | RCT: Leaflet with risks & uncertainties (n=155) vs. standard leaflet (n=145) | 3 general practices in United Kingdom | Immediate |
| Park 2005 [13] | Cervical cytology | Women of unknown ages | Nonequivalent, control group, post-test only design: DA (n=48) vs. usual care (n=48) | 1 church in Korea | Immediate |
| Colorectal Cancer Screening (n=21) | |||||
| Pignone 2000 [34] | SBT, FS, SBT+FS | Men & women aged 50–75 years | RCT: Video DA (n=125) vs. usual care (n=124) | 3 community primary care practices in US | 3–6 months |
| Wolf 2000 [35] | SBT, FS, SBT+FS | Men & women ≥65 years | 3-arm RCT: Absolute risk script (n=136) vs. relative risk script (n=130) vs. control script (n=133) | 4 general internal medicine practices (1 university, 3 community) in US | Immediate |
| Dolan 2002 [36] | SBT, FS, SBT+FS, BE, COL | Men & women aged 50–83 years | RCT: Print DA (n=50) vs. Usual care (n=47) | 1 community and 1 university-based internal medicine clinc in US | Immediate |
| Zapka 2004 [37] | FS | Men & women aged 50–74 years | RCT: Educational video (n=450) + mailing vs. no video (n=488) | 5 primary care practices in US | 6 months |
| Jerant 2007 [38] | SBT, FS, COL | Men & women aged ≥50 years | RCT: Tailored multimedia computer program (n=24) vs. non-tailored program (n=25) | 6 community family practices in US | Immediate |
| Myers 2007 [39] | SBT, SBT+FS | Men & women aged 50–74 years | 4-arm RCT: Tailored print + phone counseling (n=386) vs. tailored print (n=386) vs. non-tailored print (n=387) vs. usual care (n=387) | 1 university-based family practice in US | 24 months |
| Ruffin 2007 [40] | SBT, FS, SBT+FS, BE, COL | Men & women never screened for CRC, aged 50–70 years | RCT: Interactive website (n=87)vs. standard website (n=87) | 3 communities (urban, suburban, rural) in US | 24 weeks |
| Griffith 2008a [41] | SBT, FS, SBT+FS, BE, COL (SBT, COL in 2-option) | Men & women aged 48–75 years | RCT: 5-option DVD DA (n=25) vs. 2-option DVD DA (n=37) | 1 university-based research facility in US | Immediate |
| Griffith 2008b [42] | SBT, FS, SBT+FS, BE, COL | Men & women aged 50–85 years | RCT: 5-option + no screening option video DA (n=57) vs. 5-option video DA (n=49) | 3 communities in US | Immediate |
| Katsumura 2008 [43] | SBT, COL | Men & women aged 40–59 years | RCT: Internet-based information + risk information (n=146) vs. internet-based information only (n=139) | 1 internet community in Japan | Immediate |
| Lewis 2008 [44] | SBT, FS, COL | Men & women aged 50–75 years | RCT: Mailed print DA (n=137) + waiting list control (n=100) | University-based general medicine clinic in US | 5 months |
| Trevena 2008 [45] | SBT | Men & women aged 50–74 years | RCT Print DA (n=157) vs. government guidelines (n=157) | 6 community family practices in Australia | 1 month |
| Makoul 2009 [46] | SBT, FS, COL | Hispanic men & women aged 50–80 years | Pre-test/post-test design: Computer kiosk DA (n=270) | 2 community clinics in US | Immediate |
| Manne 2009 [47] | COL | Men & women with family history of CRC | 3-arm RCT: Tailored print + telephone counseling (n=112) vs. tailored print (n=161) vs. standard print (n=139) | 26 medical centers in US | 6 months |
| Lewis 2010 [48] | SBT, COL | Men & women aged 75–95 years | One-time uncontrolled intervention: Print DA (n=46) | 1 senior center in US | Immediate |
| Smith 2010 [49] | SBT | Men & women with low educational attainment, aged 55–64 years | 3-arm RCT: Print & DVD DA + question prompt list (n=196) vs. print & DVD DA only (n=188) vs. standard information (n=188) | Community in Australia | 3 months |
| Miller 2011 [50] | SBT, FS, COL | Men & women aged 50–74 years | RCT: Web-based DA (n=132) vs. usual care (n=132) | 1 community internal medicine clinic in US | 24 weeks |
| Pignone 2011 [51] | SBT, FS, SBT+FS, BE, COL | Men & women aged 52–80 years | Clustered RCT: DVD/VHS DA (n=211) + academic detailing of practices vs. usual care (n=232) | 32 primary care practices participating in a single health insurance plan in US | 12 months |
| Schroy 2011 [52] | SBT, FS, SBT+FS, BE, COL | Men & women aged 50–75 years | 3-arm RCT: DVD DA + personalized risk assessment (n=223) vs. DVD DA (n=212) vs. usual care (n=231) | 1 university-based internal medicine clinic & 1 community health center in US | Immediate |
| Steckelberg 2011 [53] | SBT, COL | Men & women aged 50–75 years | RCT: Print DA with risk information (n=785) vs. print standard information (n=792) | Health insurance membership in Germany | 6 months |
| Vernon 2011 [54] | SBT, FS, BE, COL | Men & women aged 50–70 years | 3-arm RCT: Tailored website (n=413) vs. non-tailored website (n=398) vs. usual care (n=413) | 1 university-based clinic in US | 24 months |
| Prostate Cancer Screening (n=29) | |||||
| Flood 1996 [55] | PSA | Men aged ≥50 years | RCT: Educational videotape (n=184) vs. control videotape (n=188) | 1 university hospital in US (free screening program and clinic) | Immediate |
| Wolf 1996 [56], 1998 [57] | PSA | Men aged ≥50 years | RCT: Scripted DA (n=103) vs. usual care (n=102) | 4 university-affiliated primary care practices in US | Immediate |
| Myers 1999 [58] | PSA, DRE | Men aged 40–70 years | RCT: Print information + tailored information (n=192) vs. print information (n=221) only | 1 university-based clinic in US | 1 year |
| Schapira 2000 [59] | PSA, DRE | Men aged 50–80 years | RCT: Print DA with detailed risk description (n=122) vs. print information without (n=135) | 1 VA clinic in US | 2 weeks |
| Frosch 2001 [60] | PSA | Men aged ≥50 years | 2×2 factorial design: Shared decision making video + discussion on risks and benefits (n=42) vs. video only (n=46) vs. discussion only (n=45) vs. usual care (n=43) | 1 community hospital in US | Immediate |
| Wilt 2001 [61] | PSA, DRE | Men aged ≥50 years | RCT: Mailed print DA (n=180) + survey vs. usual care (n=195) | 1 VA primary care clinic in US | 1 year |
| Volk 1999 [62], 2003 [63] | PSA | Men aged 45–70 years | RCT: Video DA before doctor visit (n=80) vs. information booklet 2 weeks after doctor visit (n=80) | 1 university-based family medicine clinic | 1 year |
| Frosch 2003 [64] | PSA | Men aged ≥50 years | RCT: Web-based DA (n=114) vs. video DA (n=112) | 1 community hospital in US | Immediate |
| Gattellari 2003 [65] | PSA, DRE | Men aged 40–70 years | RCT: Print DA (n=126) vs. conventional pamphlet (n=122) | 13 general practices in Australia | 3 days |
| Ruthman 2004 [66] | PSA | Men aged 50–80 years | Staged 2-group pre-/post-test quasi-experimental design: Video DA (n=52) vs. usual care (n=52) | 1 VA clinic in US | Immediate |
| Sheridan 2004 [67] | PSA | Men aged 45–85 years | One-time uncontrolled intervention with pre-/post-tests: print DA (n=188) | 1 university-based internal medicine clinic in US | Immediate |
| Gattellari 2005 [68] | PSA | Men aged 50–70 years | 3-arm RCT: Video DA (n=141) vs. print DA (n=140) vs. conventional leaflet (n=140) | 1 large community in Australia | ≥7 days |
| Myers 2005 [69] | PSA, DRE | African American aged 40–69 years | RCT: Print DA + educational session (n=121) vs. print DA only (n=121) | 3 community primary care practices in US | 6–11 months |
| Partin 2004 [70], 2006 [71] | PSA | Men aged ≥50 years | 3-arm RCT: Video DA (n=308) vs. print DA (n=295) vs. usual care (n=290) | 4 VA clinics in US | 1 year |
| Watson 2006 [72] | PSA | Men aged 40–75 years | RCT: Print DA + survey (n=980) vs. usual care (n=980) | 11 general practices in United Kingdom | Immediate |
| Kripalani 2007 [73] | PSA, DRE | Men aged 45–70 years | 3-arm RCT: Detailed educational print (n=101) vs. simple educational print (n=101) vs. usual care (n=101) | 1 academic teaching hospital in US | Immediate |
| Krist 2007 [74] | PSA | Men aged 50–70 years | 3-arm RCT: Web-based DA (n=226) vs. print DA (n=196) vs. usual care (n=76) | 1 community family practice in US | 2 weeks |
| Ellison 2008 [75] | PSA, DRE | African American men aged 40–65 years | RCT: Web-based DA tailored to family history of prostate cancer (n=46) vs. web-based non-tailored DA (n=41) | 1 annual mason convention in US | Immediate |
| Ilic 2008 [76] | PSA | Men never screened for prostate cancer, aged >45 years | 3-arm RCT: Web-based education (n=56) vs. video-based education (n=55) vs. print-based education (n=50) | 5 states in Australia | 1 week |
| Stephens 2008 [77] | PSA, DRE | African American men aged 40–70 years and non-African American men aged 50–70 years | Solomon 4-group design: Pre-test + print DA + post-DA process measures + post-test (n=50) vs. DA booklet + post-DA process measures + post-test (n=50) vs. pre-test + post-test (n=50) vs. post-test only (n=50) | 10 urban professional research facilities in US | Immediate |
| Volk 2008 [78] | PSA, DRE | African American men aged 40–70 years, non-African American men aged 50–70 years | RCT: Computer-based interactive DA (n=224) vs. print DA + CD (n=226) | 2 primary care clinics in US | 2 weeks |
| Weinrich 2008 [79] | PSA, DRE | African American men aged 40–70 years, Caucasian men aged 50–70 years | Post-intervention, quasi-experimental design: Enhanced DA (print DA + physician and peer pictures and statements; n=120) vs. print DA only (n=110) | 4 urban communities in US | Immediate |
| Frosch 2008 [80], (Bhatnagar 2009 [81]) | PSA | Men aged ≥50 years | 2×2 factorial design: Didactic DA + chronic disease trajectory (n=152) vs. DA only (n=155) vs. chronic disease trajectory only (n=153) vs. control (public websites on prostate cancer; n=151) | 1 community hospital in US | 2–3 weeks |
| Allen 2009 [82] | PSA, DRE | African American men ≥50 years | Pre-/post-test quasi-experimental design: Computerized-tailored DA (n=108) | Multiple community settings in US | Immediate |
| Allen 2010 [83] | PSA | Men aged ≥45 years | RCT: Computerized-tailored DA (n=398) vs. no intervention (n=414) | 12 work sites in US | 3 months |
| Joseph-Williams 2010 [84] | PSA | Men never screened with PSA, aged 50–75 years | 4-arm RCT: Web-based DA (n=129) vs. print DA (n=126) vs. surveys only (n=127) vs. usual care (n=132) | 1 community in United Kingdom | 6 months |
| Rubel 2010 [85] | PSA | Non-African American men aged 50–70 years | Solomon 4-group design: Pre-test + print DA + post-test (n=50) vs. print DA + post-test (n=50) vs. pre-test + post-test (n=50) vs. post-test only (n=50) | 5 professional research facilities in US | Immediate |
| Van Vugt 2010 [86] | PSA | Men never screened with PSA, aged 55–65 years | One-time uncontrolled intervention with pre-/post-tests: print DA (n=729) | 1 city in Netherlands | Immediate |
| Capik 2012 [87] | PSA, DRE | Turkish men aged 41–65 years | Pre-/post-test longitudinal study: web-assisted education and reminders (n=110) | 2 public institutions in Turkey | 6 months |
| Multiple Cancer Screening (n=3) | |||||
| Frosch 2008 [88] | Prostate: PSA; colorectal: not specified | Men and women aged ≥50 years except African American men, who were aged ≥45 years | Sequential distribution of information brochure and video DA: video DA (n=100) vs. information brochure (n=107) | 13 community-based primary care practices in US | Immediate |
| Brackett 2010 [89] | Prostate: PSA; colorectal: not specified | Men aged 50–75 years for prostate cancer; men & women aged 50–75 years for CRC | 4 video DA distribution methods: Automatic pre-visit DA mailing (n=1625), pre-visit video DA mailing upon request (n=84), post-visit video DA offered by medical assistant (n=724), post-visit video DA offered by physician (n=52) | 1 rural university hospital and 1 rural VA hospital in US | Immediate |
| Krist 2012 [90] | Prostate: PSA; breast, cervical, colorectal: not specified | Men & women aged 18–75 years | RCT: Interactive preventive health record that includes DAs pertinent to the patient’s indicated cancer screening (n=2250) vs. usual care (n=2250) | 8 primary care practices in US | 16 months |
Abbreviations:
BE: Barium Enema
BSE: Breast Self-Examination
CBE: Clinical Breast Examination
COL: Colonoscopy
CRC: Colorectal Cancer
DA: Decision Aid
DRE: Digital Rectal Examination
FS: Flexible Sigmoidoscopy
MMG: Mammogram
PSA: Prostate Specific Antigen
RCT: Randomized Controlled Trial
SBT: Stool Blood Test
US: United States
VA: Veterans Administration
*
Listed in ascending order of the year of publication for each cancer.
**
All target populations were patients, not clinicians.