Table 2.
Content of Decision Aids
| Author & Year* | Theoretical Framework | Description of Development | Provision of Information | Risks & Benefits | Values Clarification Exercise | Guidance on Decision Making & Communication | Addresses Option of No Screening | Addresses When to Stop Screening |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Breast Cancer Mammogram Screening (n=9) | ||||||||
| Kadison 1998 [14] | None | Literature review, peer-review, pre-test | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No |
| Street 1998 [15] | Transtheoretical model, elaboration likelihood model | Pilot test | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
| Lawrence 2000 [16] | None | Content development by multidisciplinary team and lay women; reliability & validity testing | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No |
| Valdez 2001 [17] | Social learning theory | Expert consultation, key informant interviews, focus groups | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No |
| Rimer 2001 [18], 2002 [19] | Transtheoretical model, precaution adoption process model | Tailored messages based on baseline survey findings | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Lewis 2003 [20] | None | Literature review, pre-test | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No |
| Mathieu 2007 [21] | Ottawa decision support framework | Markov model, pilot test | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Vernon 2008 [22] | Transtheoretical model, health belief model, social cognitive theory, theory of planned behavior | Targeted: Focus groups Tailored: Tailored messages based on baseline survey findings |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| Mathieu 2010 [23] | Ottawa decision support framework | Markov model, pilot test | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Breast Cancer Genetic Testing (n=9) | ||||||||
| Lerman 1997 [24] | Behavioral models of decision-making | Structural protocol | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No |
| Green 2001 [25] | None | Provides same information as the genetic counselors | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Schwartz 2001 [26] | None | N/A | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No |
| Green 2004 [27], 2005 [28] | None | Provides same information as the genetic counselors | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No |
| Miller 2005 [29] | Cognitive-social health processing model | Formative evaluation: Interviews, focus groups | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No |
| Wang 2005 [30] | None | Collaboration between content experts and health-related media experts | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No |
| Wakefield 2008a [31] | Ottawa decision support framework | Content analysis, pilot test | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Wakefield 2008b [32] | Ottawa decision support framework | Content analysis, pilot test | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Gray 2009 [33] | Cognitive-social theory | Literature review, expert consultation, pre-test | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No |
| Cervical Cancer Screening (n=2) | ||||||||
| Adab 2003 [12] | None | Added information on risks and uncertainties to the National Health Service Cervical Screening Programme leaflet | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No |
| Park 2005 [13] | Health belief model, theory of reasoned action, self-efficacy theory | Developed from focus groups | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No |
| Colorectal Cancer Screening (n=21) | ||||||||
| Pignone 2000 [34] | Transtheoretical model | Patient preference checking, focus groups | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No |
| Wolf 2000 [35] | None | Physician panel, pilot testing | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No |
| Dolan 2002 [36] | Analytic hierarchy process | Structured interviews, feasibility testing | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Zapka 2004 [37] | PRECEDE/PROCEED model, social cognitive theory | Literature review | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No |
| Jerant 2007 [38] | Transtheoretical model | Personally tailored feedback messages | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
| Myers 2007 [39] | Preventive health model | Tailored messages based on baseline survey findings | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
| Ruffin 2007 [40] | Elaboration likelihood model | Developed empirically from 10 focus groups and 30 patient interviews | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| Griffith 2008a [41] | Transtheoretical model | Previous DA, literature review, usability testing | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No |
| Griffith 2008b [42] | Transtheoretical model | Previous DA, literature review, focus groups, expert/patient review | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No |
| Katsumura 2008 [43] | Analytic hierarchy process | Construction of decision model | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
| Lewis 2008 [44] | None Decision Aid Standard | Literature review, patient focus groups, patient & expert review | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No |
| Trevena 2008 [45] | Theory of planned behavior | Incorporated research-derived expert & lay beliefs | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| Makoul 2009 [46] | Extended parallel process model | Patient interviews & focus groups, usability testing | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No |
| Manne 2009 [47] | Health belief model, transtheoretical model, dual process theory | Construction of tailored messages | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No |
| Lewis 2010 [48] | Ottawa decision support framework | Literature review, patient interviews, cognitive testing | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No |
| Smith 2010 [49] | None | Specific design for adults with low literacy skills, using plain language and basic design, focus groups | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Miller 2011 [50] | Transtheoretical model | Previous DA, literature review, usability testing | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No |
| Pignone 2011 [51] | Transtheoretical model | Previous DA, literature review, usability testing | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No |
| Schroy 2011 [52] | Ottawa decision support framework | Literature review, existing DA review, expert opinion, focus groups, usability testing | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| Steckelberg 2011 [53] | United Kingdom Medical Research Council framework for complex intervention | Literature review, focus groups, expert review | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No |
| Vernon 2011 [54] | Transtheoretical model | Intervention mapping, incorporating theory and empiric evidence | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
| Prostate Cancer Screening (n=29) | ||||||||
| Flood 1996 [55] | None | Literature review, patient focus groups, patient & expert review | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No |
| Wolf 1996 [56], 1998 [57] | None | Physician panel review, pilot testing | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Myers 1999 [58] | Preventive health model | Tailored messages based on baseline survey findings | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Schapira 2000 [59] | Health belief model | Focus groups | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No |
| Frosch 2001 [60] | None | Literature review, patient focus groups, patient & expert review | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No |
| Wilt 2001 [61] | None | Expert review, content validity check, readability pre-testing | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No |
| Volk 1999 [62], 2003 [63] | None | Literature review, patient focus groups, patient & expert review | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No |
| Frosch 2003 [64] | None | Conversion of a video DA (Frosch 2001) to web-based DA | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No |
| Gattellari 2003 [65] | None | Literature review, pilot testing | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Ruthman 2004 [66] | None | Literature review, patient focus groups, patient & expert review | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No |
| Sheridan 2004 [67] | None | Literature review, cognitive interviewing and feedback | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No |
| Gattellari 2005 [68] | None | Literature review, pilot testing | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Myers 2005 [69] | Preventive health model | Tailored messages based on baseline survey findings | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Partin 2004 [70], 2006 [71] | Social cognitive theory | Literature review, patient focus groups, patient & expert review | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No |
| Watson 2006 [72] | None | Expert review, field testing | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No |
| Kripalani 2007 [73] | None | Multi-disciplinary team design, pilot testing | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No |
| Krist 2007 [74] | None | Expert review | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No |
| Ellison 2008 [75] | None | Based on Cochrane Review’s definition of DA | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No |
| Ilic 2008 [76] | None | N/A | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No |
| Stephens 2008 [77] | Prostate cancer screening decisional conflict model | Created by the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No |
| Volk 2008 [78] | None | Integration of didactic soap-opera episodes with interactive learning modules | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No |
| Weinrich 2008 [79] | Social learning theory | Previous research findings, community feedback | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No |
| Frosch 2008 [80], (Bhatnagar 2009 [81]) | Chronic disease model | Literature review, healthcare professional feedback, patient usability testing | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No |
| Allen 2009 [82] | Ottawa decision support framework | Expert opinion & published research findings | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Allen 2010 [83] | Ottawa decision support framework | Expert opinion, International Patient Decision Aid Standards, focus groups, usability testing | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Joseph-Williams 2010 [84] | None | Expert review, field testing | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Rubel 2010 [85] | None | Created by the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No |
| Van Vugt 2010 [86] | None | Based on screening results of 6288 men | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No |
| Capik 2012 [87] | Health belief model | Literature review | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No |
| Multiple Cancer Screening (n=3) | ||||||||
| Frosch 2008 [88] | None | Literature review, patient focus groups, patient & expert review | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes (for prostate cancer screening) | No |
| Brackett 2010 [89] | None | Literature review, patient focus groups, patient & expert review | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes (for prostate cancer screening) | No |
| Krist 2012 [90] | None | Efficacy, adoption and dissemination trials | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes (for prostate cancer screening) | No |
*
Listed in ascending order of the year of publication for each cancer.