Table 2.

Change From Baseline to 12 Months in Physical Function, Strength, and Power by Exercise Group^a

	Placebo (n = 22 PRT and 25 No PRT)		Any-T (n = 49 PRT and 47 No PRT)		Δ Change (95% CI)	P Value
	Baseline	Change	Baseline	Change
PRT
Physical function (Range 0–100)
CS-PFP total	69.1 ± 9.9	3.6 ± 8.0	70.5 ± 14.6	3.3 ± 7.4	−0.2 (−4.2, 3.8)	.93
Upper body strength	75.8 ± 10.8	1.8 ± 10.9	78.6 ± 14.8	0.3 ± 11.5	−0.7 (−6.1, 4.6)	.79
Upper body flexibility	78.2 ± 12.2	−2.2 ± 11.0	75.4 ± 12.7	0.9 ± 9.7	2.3 (−2.6, 7.1)	.36
Lower body strength	64.1 ± 11.8	4.4 ± 9.4	67.3 ± 15.9	3.5 ± 9.4	−0.5 (−5.5, 4.4)	.84
Balance	68.9 ± 10.8	4.7 ± 8.8	69.7 ± 15.3	4.6 ± 7.8	0.2 (−4.1, 4.5)	.93
Endurance	69.0 ± 10.5	4.7 ± 8.6	70.0 ± 15.1	4.5 ± 7.5	0.1 (−4.0, 4.3)	.95
Stair climb speed, s	4.8 ± 1.1	−0.0 ± 0.9	4.7 ± 1.7	−0.2 ± 0.8	−0.3 (0.7, 0.1)	.16
6-min walk, m	536.4 ± 65.0	24.3 ± 88.8	560.1 ± 132.6	25.6 ± 79.2	3.2 (−39.5, 46.0)	.88
Strength (1-RM, kg)
Upper body
Bench press	58.4 ± 17.7	26.9 ± 11.4	58.7 ± 15.9	25.7 ± 14.5	−1.5 (−8.7, 5.6)	.67
Incline press	50.7 ± 15.4	24.9 ± 12.5	50.6 ± 14.6	23.6 ± 12.7	−1.9 (−8.5, 4.8)	.58
Overhead pulldown	80.5 ± 20.2	28.7 ± 14.9	79.0 ± 16.6	26.2 ± 15.6	−3.4 (−11.3, 4.6)	.41
Seated row	53.8 ± 14.3	21.3 ± 13.1	53.6 ± 12.3	20.6 ± 11.3	−1.4 (−7.6, 4.7)	.65
Avg upper body	61.0 ± 15.6	25.5 ± 11.3	60.5 ± 14.0	24.3 ± 11.6	−1.5 (−7.5, 4.5)	.63
Grip strength	41.7 ± 10.9	3.4 ± 6.7	40.5 ± 11.0	3.2 ± 10.3	−1.9 (−6.3, 2.5)	.40
Lower body
Knee extension	65.6 ± 23.8	30.1 ± 18.8	63.1 ± 20.2	31.5 ± 15.2	0.5 (−8.0, 9.0)	.90
Knee flexion	47.6 ± 14.6	20.8 ± 11.3	49.4 ± 12.2	18.5 ± 12.0	−2.6 (−8.3, 3.2)	.38
Seated leg press	135.7 ± 43.9	31.8 ± 27.8	129.3 ± 35.4	38.3 ± 30.5	−0.1 (−14.0, 13.7)	.99
Avg lower body	83.9 ± 27.1	27.0 ± 17.0	80.3 ± 20.3	28.0 ± 19.7	−1.6 (−10.9, 7.7)	.74
Power (Power Rig, watts)
Leg extensor	229.3 ± 50.8	24.3 ± 62.0	245.3 ± 68.8	5.1 ± 51.1	−18.1 (−46.7, 10.5)	.21
No PRT
Physical function (Range 0–100)
CS-PFP total	68.4 ± 16.1	3.1 ± 6.7	71.6 ± 11.9	0.8 ± 7.3	−2.2 (−5.8, 1.4)	.23
Upper body strength	75.2 ± 14.2	3.6 ± 9.0	77.2 ± 12.8	0.0 ± 8.8	−3.5 (−7.9, 0.8)	.11
Upper body flexibility	76.5 ± 11.8	−2.4 ± 9.5	78.6 ± 9.6	−2.1 ± 9.2	0.7 (−3.8, 5.1)	.76
Lower body strength	64.3 ± 18.2	5.4 ± 7.0	68.4 ± 14.2	0.7 ± 8.7	−4.5 (−8.7, −0.4)	.03
Balance	68.5 ± 17.5	2.5 ± 7.4	71.7 ± 12.5	1.4 ± 7.8	−0.8 (−4.6, 3.0)	.68
Endurance	68.2 ± 17.0	2.8 ± 7.8	71.8 ± 12.3	1.5 ± 7.5	−1.1 (−4.9, 2.7)	.57
Stair climb speed, s	5.0 ± 1.4	−0.1 ± 0.9	4.7 ± 1.2	0.1 ± 1.0	0.1 (−0.4, 0.5)	.78
6-min walk, m	536.1 ± 106.0	7.5 ± 93.7	564.5 ± 89.1	8.5 ± 64.9	0.8 (−39.0, 40.6)	.97
Strength (1-RM, kg)
Upper body
Bench press	56.5 ± 19.8	3.5 ± 8.9	60.1 ± 15.8	7.3 ± 9.2	4.7 (0.5, 9.0)	.03
Incline press	50.9 ± 19.2	1.9 ± 7.9	52.0 ± 15.0	8.1 ± 8.9	6.9 (2.7, 11.1)	.001
Overhead pulldown	77.4 ± 23.0	6.3 ± 11.0	82.5 ± 15.5	9.3 ± 9.6	3.9 (−1.2, 8.9)	.13
Seated row	50.5 ± 12.5	5.7 ± 7.4	56.1 ± 11.9	7.0 ± 9.6	2.4 (−1.9, 6.6)	.27
Avg upper body	58.8 ± 17.3	4.3 ± 7.7	62.8 ± 13.2	7.8 ± 6.9	3.9 (0.5, 7.4)	.03
Grip strength	56.5 ± 19.8	2.9 ± 8.0	39.1 ± 12.7	6.0 ± 12.4	4.1 (0.0, 8.3)	.05
Lower body
Knee extension	60.1 ± 25.3	11.0 ± 10.1	64.9 ± 20.4	12.4 ± 10.6	1.9 (−3.1, 6.9)	.45
Knee flexion	46.1 ± 11.8	5.5 ± 5.6	49.0 ± 10.3	7.1 ± 7.4	1.8 (−1.6, 5.2)	.30
Seated leg press	125.7 ± 38.8	9.1 ± 21.5	130.4 ± 35.0	11.6 ± 23.7	4.5 (−6.3, 15.3)	.41
Avg lower body	77.3 ± 23.7	9.4 ± 11.6	81.8 ± 20.6	10.5 ± 10.9	1.9 (−3.4, 7.3)	.48
Power (Power Rig, watts)
Leg extensor	212.3 ± 70.6	4.5 ± 34.6	233.3 ± 64.8	0.8 ± 36.9	−1.5 (−19.1, 16.1)	.87

Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.

^aData are mean ± SD. Δ Change = change from baseline (any-T) minus change from baseline (placebo). P values are for placebo vs any-T, conditioned on baseline values.