Table 1.

Brain Salience Networks: Reqions and Putative Functions

Brain Region	Sub Regions	Putative Role in Salience Evaluation/Integration	Reference
Cortical
Frontal	Anterior Cingulate	Detection of Salient Stimuli Planning of responses to Salient events	(Devinsky et al., 1995; Maddock, 1999). (Downar et al., 2002)
	Medial Prefrontal	Goal directed behaviors Attention demanding tasks	(Gusnard et al., 2001) (D'Argembeau et al., 2007)
	Insula	Interoceptive awareness, empathic processing Task level control and focal attention Homeostatic relevance to internal and external inputs Preconscious processing of subliminal stimuli	(Menon and Uddin, 2010) (Nelson et al., 2010) (Craig, 2009) (Sabatini et al., 2009)
Temporal	Hippocampus	Conscious Memory including past experience Response to Stress Stimulus Association	(Squire, 2004) (Bourne and Harris, 2008) (Moore and Stickney, 1980)
Parietal	Precuneus	Experience of Agency	(Cavanna and Trimble, 2006)
Subcortical
Basal Ganglia	Accumbens	Signal Valence Aversive, novel, and behaviorally relevant events, especially when unexpected	(Cooper and Knutson, 2008) (Zink et al., 2003)
	Putamen	Effort investment related to future decisions	(Zink et al., 2003) (Kurniawan et al., 2010)
Amygdala		Contextual Fear	(Albrecht et al., 2010)
Thalamus	Pulvinar	Generates signals related to salience of visual objects Information that precedes perception and action Higher order relay from one cortical area to anther	(Robinson and Petersen, 1992) (Robinson, 1993)
	Habenula	Motivates Anticipation	(Bromberg-Martin et al., 2010)
Hypothalamus		Stress Hormones (e.g., Oxytocin) related to social clues	(Thomason et al., 2011) (Averbeck, 2010)
Brainstem	Red Nuclei	Detection of ‘unexpected’ events	(Habas et al., 2010)
	Substantia Nigra VTA	Timing of Actions Coding of Stimulus Novelty	(Fan et al., 2012) (Bunzeck and Duzel, 2006))
Cerebellum	Crus VI	Connectivity to other structures in Salience Network Involved in aversive sensory and emotional stimuli	(Habas et al., 2009) (Moulton et al., 2011)