Table 1.
Participant demographic and smoking history characteristics
| Men |
Women |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gain framed (n=331) |
Standard care (n=547) |
Gain framed (n=479) |
Standard care (n=674) |
|
| Outcome expectancies (SD) | 6.86 (0.46) | 6.84 (0.55) | 6.87 (0.48) | 6.86 (0.53) |
| Age, years (SD) | 45.08 (12.93) | 45.15 (13.89) | 48.66 (13.53) | 47.39 (13.91) |
| Education (n) | ||||
| High school or less | 40.4% (131) | 39.1% (210) | 37.4% (176) | 32.1% (210) |
| At least some postsecondary education | 32.4% (105) | 38.7% (208) | 40.0% (188) | 39.8% (13.1) |
| Trade school | 25.6% (83) | 21.4% (115) | 21.7% (102) | 26.9% (176) |
| Other | 0.3% (5) | 0.7% (4) | 0.2% (4) | 1.2% (8) |
| Race (n) | ||||
| White | 77.9% (258) | 78.2% (428) | 80.0% (383)* | 72.7% (490) |
| Black | 11.5% (38) | 8.0% (44) | 11.3% (54) | 14.4% (97) |
| Other | 10.6% (35) | 13.7% (75) | 8.8% (42) | 12.9% (87) |
| Number of cigarettes per day | 21.09 (11.44) | 21.82 (11.50) | 19.45 (11.00) | 18.80 (10.29) |
| Years smoked | 24.94 (13.83) | 24.91 (14.75) | 27.92 (13.69) | 26.05 (14.36) |
| Made past quit attempts (n) | 88.2% (292) | 86.7% (474) | 91.9% (440)* | 86.8% (585) |
| Time to first cigarette after waking (n) | ||||
| ≤5 min | 36.9% (120) | 40.9% (217) | 42.4% (201) | 32.7% (261) |
| 6–30 min | 38.2% (124) | 33.5% (178) | 35.2% (167) | 34.0% (223) |
| 31–60 min | 10.2% (33) | 14.1% (75) | 10.1% (48) | 14.8% (97) |
| >60 min | 14.8% (48) | 11.5% (75) | 12.2% (58) | 11.3% (74) |
**
p < .05 for within group (sex × experimental condition).