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(A) Schematic representation of the binding of biotinylated gold nanoparticles to avidinylated UCNPs. Photographs: (a) colorless suspension of UCNP under visible light; (b) UCNPs with green luminescence under 980-nm laser excitation; (c) adding red Au-NPs under visible light. (B) Luminescence of the UCNPs (photo-excited at 980 nm) after addition of varying concentrations of biotinylated gold NPs. Adapted from reference 80.
