Table 3.

Associations between high aflatoxin B₁-lysine adduct levels (> =11.34pg/mg) and socio-demographic characteristics of 755 pregnant Ghanaian women.

Variables	Crude Odds Ratio	95% Confidence Interval	Adjusted Odds Ratio♣	95% Confidence Interval
Age in Years
<20	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
20–24	0.88	0.58–1.36	0.94	0.59–1.49
25–29	0.78	0.52–1.19	0.92	0.57–1.47
≥30	0.96	0.63–1.44	1.19	0.71–2.00
Formal education
None	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Primary or middle school	0.76	0.53–1.09	0.84	0.55–1.24
Junior high school	0.82	0.59–1.14	0.99	0.70–1.41
≥Senior high school	0.38	0.15–0.98	0.55	0.21–1.43
Weekly income (GHc)†
< 20	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
≥ 20	0.66	0.50–0.87	0.67	0.50–0.90
Marital status
Single	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Living in union	1.07	0.72–1.61	1.11	0.72–1.70
Married	0.88	0.64–1.22	0.96	0.65–1.43
Employment
Unemployed	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Employed	0.97	0.73–1.28	0.58	0.40–0.83
Number of Children
0	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
1	0.68	0.51–0.92	0.68	0.48–0.94
2 or more	1.08	0.78–1.54	1.03	0.66–1.61
Toilet facilities
None	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Simple pit latrine	0.77	0.53–1.13	0.77	0.51–1.14
Ventilated improved pit latrine	0.92	0.62–1.36	0.95	0.64–1.42
Any type flush toilet‡	0.53	0.39–0.73	0.56	0.41–0.79

Note: Values in bold are statistically significant

^†= GHc= Ghana cedi; 1.4 Ghana cedi is equivalent to 1 US Dollar

^♣=Full model adjusted for socio-demographic variables: Weekly income, toilet facilities, employment, and number of children

^‡= Flush or pour type toilet system

Ref= Reference category