TABLE 2.
A list of clinical trials with spice-derived nutraceuticals in patients with different cancer
| Cancers | Dose/frequency | Patients | End point modulation | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Curcumin | ||||
| Colorectal cancer | 36–180 mg/day × 120 days | 15 | Decreased lymphocytic GST | (289) |
| Colorectal cancer | 450–3,600 mg/day × 120 days | 15 | Lowered inducible serum PGE2 levels | (290) |
| Colorectal cancer | 450–3,600 mg/day × 7 days | 12 | Decreased M1G DNA adducts | (291) |
| External cancer lesions | 62 | Reduction in lesion size and pain | (292) | |
| FAP | 480 mg × 3/day × 180 days | 5 | Decrease in the number of polyps was 60.4% | (293) |
| Metastatic breast cancer | 500–8,000 mg/day × ≥7 days | 14 | Reached to RECIST criteria (57%) with 5 PR and 3 SD | (294) |
| Multiple myeloma | 2–12 g/day | 24 | Inhibits NF-κ B, COX-2 and pSTAT3 | (295) |
| Pancreatic cancer | 8 g/day | 25 | 73% reduction in tumor in one patient | (296) |
| Pancreatic cancer | 8 g/day | 21 | 8 g/day of curcumin is safe and feasible | (297) |
| Pancreatic cancer | 8 g/day ×3 × 4 wk | 17 | One of 11 patients had PR, 4 had SD, and 6 had tumor progression | (298) |
| Precancerous lesions | 8 g/day × 90 days | 19 | Well tolerated up to 3 mo | (299) |
| Precancerous lesions* | 1 g/day × 7 days | 25 | Increased serum and salivary vitamins C and E | (300) |
| Prostate cancer or PIN** | 100 mg/day × 180 days | 100 | Decreased PSA level | (301) |
| Ginger extracts | ||||
| Bone sarcoma | 57 | Moderate to severe vomiting | (302) | |
| Various primary sites | 1~2 g/day | 162 | No differences in the prevalence of nausea, vomiting, CINV, or severity | (303) |
| Various primary sites | 250 mg × 2/day × 3 days | 28 | Reduced the delayed nausea of chemotherapy, reduced use of antiemetic medications | (304) |
| Capsaicin | ||||
| Pancreatic cancer | 0.075% cream × 56 days | 49 | Reduced pain | (305) |
| Various primary sites | 0.02–0.048 g × 2–4 days | 11 | Reduced pain temporary | (306) |
| Anethole | ||||
| Lung cancer*** | 75 mg/day × 6 mo | 112 | Lowered progression rate | (307) |
*
Patients with oral leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis, or lichen planus.
**
Combination of curcumin (100 mg) + isoflavone (40 mg).
***
nethole dithiolethione.
FAP indicates familial adenomatous polyposis; CINV, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting; PR, partial response; SD, stable disease; RECIST, response evaluation criteria in solid tumors.