Table 1.
Intracellular signaling cascades triggered by microbe-derived peptides.
| Ligand | Origin | Selectivity | Cells | Effects | Ref. | Potency |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hp(2–20) | H. pylori | FPR2, FPR3 FPR2 |
Mon.; Lymph. MKN-28, AGS |
O2−. generation; apoptosis; chemotaxis; proliferation; VEGF secretion; ERKs, Akt and STAT3 activation | [6,9] | pEC50 = 6.52 |
| F peptide | HIV-1 | FPR2 | Mon.; Neutr. | chemotaxis; Ca2+ mobilization; desensitization CCR5 and CXCR4 | [7,10] | pEC50 = 5.00 |
| V3 peptide | HIV-1 | FPR2 | Mon.; Neutr. | chemotaxis; Ca2+ mobilization; desensitization CCR5 | [11] | pEC50 = 5.82 |
| T21/DP107 | HIV-1 | FPR2 | Mon.; Neutr. | chemotaxis; Ca2+ mobilization; | [12] | pEC50 = 6.30 |
| N36 peptide | HIV-1 | FPR2 | Mon.; Neutr. | chemotaxis; Ca2+ mobilization; desensitization chemokine receptors; increased expression of TRAIL; NFκB activation; apoptosis | [13,14] | pEC50 = 5.00 |
| PSMs | Peptide toxins | FPR2 | Neutrophils | Ca++ mobilization; chemotaxis; IL-8 release; NADPH oxidase activation | [15,16] | pEC50 = 8.67 |
FPR, formyl-peptide receptor; Mon., monocytes; Lymph., lymphocytes; Neutr., neutrophils; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; Akt, protein kinase B; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; TRAIL, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand; NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; pEC50, negative logarithm of the EC50.