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Current model of SM on cholesterol efflux. SM both in HDL and cell membrane regulates ATP binding cassette proteins implicated in reverse cholesterol transport. Cellular SM has been described as a stimulant of SM and cholesterol efflux through ABCG1, ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 [92]. On the other hand, cell membrane SM inhibits ABCA1, ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 activity [102], while SM present in HDL stimulates activity of this transporter [103].
