Table 2.
Co-morbidities of Childhood Obesity from International Studies
| Psychological/Behavioral comorbidity | Age range | Author, Year | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Internalizing Disorders | |||
| Anxiety and depression | 6–13 years | Australia | Bell, 2007 |
| Anxiety and depression | 6–13 years | Australia | Bell, 2011 |
| Anxiety Depression Self-esteem | 13–19 years | Norway | Bjornelv, 2011 |
| Depression, self-esteem | 8–13 years | Western Australian | Gibson, 2008 |
| Internalizing disorders | 6–14 years | German | Eschenbeck, 2009 |
| Internalizing disorders | 5–17 years | France | Vila, 2004 |
| Externalizing Disorders | |||
| ADHD | 8–17 years | Israel | Agranat-Meged, 2005 |
| ADHD | 11–17 years | Germany | Erhart, 2012 |
| ADHD | 13–15 years | Spain | Rojo, 2006 |
| Externalizing disorders | 6–14 years | German | Eschenbeck, 2009 |
| Externalizing disorders | 5–17 years | France | Vila, 2004 |
| Sleep Problems | |||
| Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) | 6–13 years | Australia | Bell, 2007 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) | 2–18 years | Australia | Kohler, 2009 |
| Sleep disorders | 6–14 years | German | Eschenbeck, 2009 |
| Sleep duration | 3–10 years | Germany | Bayer, 2009 |
| Sleep duration | 7 years | New Zealand | Nixon, 2008 |
| Sleep problems | *5–11 years | Australia | Wake, 2010 |
| Other | |||
| Body dissatisfaction, eating disorder symptoms, bullying | 8–13 years | Western Australian | Gibson, 2008 |
| Bullying | 6–13 years | Australia | Bell, 2011 |
| Dieting behaviors | *5–11 years | Australia | Wake, 2010 |
| Psychopathological symptoms health not associated | 12–24 years | China | Huang, 2011 |
| Social skills | 5–17 years | France | Vila, 2004 |
| Medical comorbidities | |||
| Metabolic Risk Factors | |||
| Blood pressure | 6–13 years | Taiwan | Chu, 2007 |
| Blood pressure, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and carbohydrate metabolism | 1–20 years | Europe | I’Allemand, 2008 |
| Blood pressure | 6–18 years | Greece | Karatzi, 2009 |
| Blood pressure | 10–18 years | Poland | Krzyzaniak, 2011 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | 3–18 years | The Netherlands | Langens, 2008 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | 8–15 years | Portugal | Ribeiro, 2004 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome | 6–16 years | Turkey | Serap, 2007 |
| Carotid intima-media thickness increased | *7–12 years | Turkey | Hacıhamdioglu, 2011 |
| Gastro-oesophageal reflux | 7–16 years | Norwegian | Stordal, 2006 |
| Hypertension, hyperlipidemia | 17 years | Israel | Levin, 2010 |
| Hypertension | 11–17 years | Ludhiana | Mohan, 2004 |
| Hypertension, LDL, hypertriglyceridemia | 7–8 years | Taiwan | Ng, 2004 |
| Hypertension | 5–11 years | Australia | Wake, 2010 |
| Metabolic risk | 1–18 years | Germany | Flechtner-Mors, 2012 |
| Metabolic risk | 6–18 years | China | Lee, 2011 |
| Metabolic risk | 6–18 years | Germany | Reinehr, 2010 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 1–17 years | Berlin | Dannemann, 2011 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 12–14 years | Mexico | Del-Rio-Navarro, 2010 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 12–18 years | Italy Germany |
Lafortuna, 2010 |
| Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | 15–19 years | Brazil | Dámaso, 2008 |
| Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) | 7–13 years | Turkey | Eminoğlu, 2008 |
| Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | 6–10 years | Brazil | Suano de Souza, 2008 |
| Sonographic Fatty Liver | 6–18 years | Iran | Adibi, 2009 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 17 years | Israel | Levin, 2010 |
| Asthma | |||
| Asthma | 6–11 years | Greece | Spathopoulos, 2009 |
| Asthma | 13–14 years | Macedonia | Vlaski, 2006 |
| Asthma symptoms | 6–15 years | France | Mahut, 2012 |
| Asthma | 4–5 years | Australia | Tai, 2009 |
| Asthma Atopic disease | 5–16 years | Portugal | Silva, 2007 |
| Asthma | 2–16 years | Italy | Vignolo, 2005 |
| Asthma | 5–11 years | Australia | Wake, 2010 |
| Asthma | 11–12 years | New Zealand | Wickens, 2005 |
| Dental health | |||
| Cavities | 6–10 years | Germany | Willershausen, 2007 |
| Surgery | |||
| Perioperative implications | 2–16 years | Egypt | El-Metainy, 2011 |
| Other | |||
| Airway hyper-responsiveness and exercise-induced bronchospasm frequencies | 9–15 years | Turkey | Ulger, 2006 |
| Airway hyper-responsiveness | 10–12 years | Korea | Jang, 2006 |
| Allergy | 12–17 years | Vietnam | Irie, 2005 |
| Atopy | 6–11 years | Greece | Spathopoulos, 2009 |
| Disc degeneration | 13–20 years | China | Samartzis, 2011 |
| Flat foot | 3–6 years | Austria | Pfeiffer, 2006 |
| Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) hyperinsulinism dyslipidaemia raised alanine transaminase | 6–13 years | Australia | Bell, 2011 |
| Intima media thickness (IMT) | *6–10 years | Italy | Giannini, 2008 |
| Muscle and joint problems | 5–11 years | Australia | Wake, 2010 |
| Musculoskeletal pain, headaches, acanthosis nigricans | 6–13 years | Australia | Bell, 2007 |
| Musculoskeletal pain | 6–13 years | Australia | Bell, 2011 |
| Musculoskeletal problems | 2–17 years | The Netherlands | Krul, 2009 |
| Poor health status School absenteeism | 8 years | The Netherlands | Wijga, 2010 |
| Risk factors for atherosclerosis | 6–20 years | Poland | Glowinska, 2003 |
| Upper Airway Obstruction | 4–12 years | Australia | Kohler, 2008 |