. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 May 1.

Published in final edited form as: Sci Stud Read. 2012 Aug 22;17(3):199–223. doi: 10.1080/10888438.2011.652722

TABLE 5.

Mean Standard Scores for Measures of Word Reading Efficiency and Oral Reading Rate as a Function of Reading Group

Group	Word Reading Efficiency (TOWRE)	Oral Reading Rate (GORT)	Within-Group Contrasts^a (Cohen’s d)
AVG^b	103.31 (10.34)	105.97 (13.14)	−0.22
WRD^c	86.12 (6.92)	67.39 (10.87)	1.70^***
S-RCD^d	100.00 (8.82)	88.56 (11.83)	1.02^***
Between-group contrasts^a (Cohen’s d)
AVG vs. WRD	1.73^***	2.91^***
AVG vs. S-RCD	0.26	1.27^***
WRD vs. S-RCD	−1.51^***	−1.68^***

Note. TOWRE = Test of Word Reading Efficiency, Standard Scores; GORT = Gray Oral Reading Test Fourth Edition, Scaled Score converted to Standard Score; AVG = average readers; WRD = poor decoders; S-RCD = poor comprehenders.

Contrasts covarying for Matrix Reasoning, scaled score.

n = 36.

n = 33.

n = 18.

^***

p < .001.