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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 May 7.
Published in final edited form as: Per Med. 2011 May 1;8(3):331–345. doi: 10.2217/pme.11.16

Figure 2. Constitutive activation of RAS/RAF pathway.

Figure 2

(A) KRAS is a proto-oncogene encoding a GTPase whose mutations can result in the constitutive activation of the RAS/RAF pathway. (B) The BRAF gene encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase that operates downstream of KRAS in the RAS/RAF pathway. Mutations in BRAF lead to constitutive activation of the BRAF kinase activity regardless of RAS activity.