Figure 5. The changes of serum metabolites in human subjects after acute exercise.

(A-D) Serum metabolite levels in healthy subjects with treadmill running at 80% VO₂max (n = 8) for 30 min. Serum FFA (A), β-hydroxybutyrate (B), insulin (C) and glucose (D) levels were determined before (pre-Ex), immediately after (post-Ex 0 h) or at 1 h after (post-Ex 1 h) acute exercise. Data are mean ± SEM (*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 by one-way ANOVA with Newman-Keuls post-hoc test). (n.s., not significant).