Table 1. Summary of the diverse range of disulfide-rich venom peptides produced in our lab using periplasmic expression.
Toxin name | Organism | No. of residues | No. of SS bonds | Yield of correctly folded peptide1 | No. of contiguous hydrophobic residues [total] | No. of charged residues [net charge] | pI2 | Isoforms3 | Ref. |
U2-CUTX-As1a | spider | 37 | 4 | ++ | 2 [7] | 5 [+1] | 7.69 | 2 | [91] |
DkTx | spider | 76 | 6 | + | 4 [23] | 22 [+2] | 6.84 | 3 | [92] |
OAIP 1 | spider | 33 | 3 | ++ | 2 [6] | 11 [+5] | 8.35 | 1 | [93] |
OAIP 2 | spider | 33 | 3 | ++ | 2 [10] | 8 [+4] | 8.64 | 1 | [93] |
OAIP 3 | spider | 34 | 3 | ++ | 3 [9] | 5 [+1] | 7.77 | 1 | [93] |
U1-AGTX-Ta1a | spider | 51 | 3 | +++ | 3 [15] | 9 [−1] | 5.14 | 1 | [94] |
U1-CUTX-As1c | spider | 76 | 4 | — | 4 [19] | 14 [+4] | 8.15 | — | [95] |
U1-PLTX-Pt1a | spider | 46 | 5 | — | 2 [10] | 9 [−1] | 5.02 | — | [96] |
U1-TRTX-Pc1a | spider | 33 | 3 | ++ | 3 [12] | 5 [+4] | 8.35 | 1 | [97] |
U2-SGTX-Sf1a | spider | 46 | 4 | +++ | 3 [13] | 9 [+1] | 6.01 | 1 | [90] |
U2-TRTX-Pc1a | spider | 28 | 3 | ++ | 1 [5] | 5 [+5] | 9.22 | 1 | [97] |
β-TRTX-Cm1b | spider | 33 | 3 | + | 2 [8] | 12 [+4] | 8.86 | 1 | [98] |
β-TRTX-Ps1a | spider | 34 | 3 | +++ | 3 [9] | 10 [+4] | 8.89 | 1 | [98] |
β/ω-TRTX-Tp1a | spider | 35 | 3 | — | 3 [10] | 8 [+4] | 8.37 | — | [99] |
κ-TRTX-Gr3a | spider | 34 | 3 | +++ | 3 [11] | 9 [+3] | 8.66 | 1 | [100] |
κ-TRTX-Tb1a | spider | 35 | 3 | — | 2 [9] | 12 [+4] | 8.64 | — | [101] |
κ-TRTX-Tb1b | spider | 35 | 3 | — | 2 [8] | 12 [+2] | 8.32 | — | [101] |
μ-DGTX-Dc1a | spider | 56 | 4 | ++ | 4 [16] | 19 [+1] | 7.71 | 2 | [102] |
µ-TRTX-Hhn1a | spider | 35 | 3 | + | 2 [9] | 9 [+4] | 8.65 | 1 | [103] |
µ-TRTX-Hhn2a | spider | 33 | 3 | ++ | 3 [7] | 9 [+5] | 8.63 | 1 | [104] |
µ-TRTX-Hhn2b | spider | 33 | 3 | ++ | 3 [9] | 9 [+3] | 8.64 | 1 | [105] |
π-TRTX-Pc1a | spider | 40 | 3 | +++ | 1 [8] | 16 [+4] | 8.66 | 1 | [20] |
τ-TRTX-Pc1c | spider | 34 | 3 | — | 3 [10] | 11 [−3] | 4.48 | — | [106] |
ω-CNTX-Pn4a | spider | 55 | 6 | ++ | 2 [12] | 15 [+5] | 8.3 | 1 | [107] |
APETx2 | sea anemone | 42 | 3 | + | 5 [11] | 6 [+2] | 8.32 | 1 | [8] |
OD1 | scorpion | 65 | 4 | — | 4 [21] | 15 [+1] | 7.67 | — | [108] |
TxIA | conesnail | 17 | 2 | +++ | 1 [2] | 5 [−1] | 4.65 | 1 | [109] |
MVIA | conesnail | 32 | 3 | — | 3 [12] | 4 [−2] | 4.03 | — | [110] |
κ-SLTPX-Ssm1a | centipede | 52 | 3 | +++ | 2 [11] | 21 [+1] | 6.46 | 1 | [111] |
κ-SLTPX-Ssm2a | centipede | 31 | 3 | ++ | 2 [8] | 7 [+5] | 8.33 | 3 | [111] |
µ-SLPTX-Ssm1a | centipede | 32 | 2 | + | 3 [9] | 12 [+2] | 7.91 | 3 | [111] |
Venom peptides with molecular weight (MW) ranging from 2000–8000 Da and with 2–6 disulfide (SS) bonds have been expressed from a phylogenetically diverse range of venomous animals. 1Yield: +++, >5 mg/litre; ++, 1–5 mg/litre; +, 0–1 mg/litre; —, no correctly folded protein obtained; 2Calculated using ProtParam (http://web.expasy.org/protparam/accessed 20130220); 3Number of disulfide isoforms evident in final RP-HPLC purification step. N/A = not available.