(A) 20× and (B) 63× images of microglia (green), astrocytes (purple) and preautonomic RVLM-projecting neurons within an adult mouse PVN. Adult mice were injected bilaterally into the RVLM with the retrograde tract tracer, fluorogold. Seven days later mice were perfused and brains were processed for triple-label immunohistochemistry for Iba-1 (a microglial marker), GFAP (an astrocytic marker), and fluorogold (preautonomic neurons) using previously published protocols (Ulrich-Lai et al., 2011; Thaler et al., 2012). 3v = third cerebral ventricle. Arrows highlight interactions between microglia, astrocytes and RVLM-projecting neurons. Scale bars = 50 μm (A) and 20 μm (B).