Table 3.
Non-splice factors affecting polyadenylation.
| Factor | Motif | Mechanism | Effect on polyadenylation | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| E2F | TTGGCGG | Motifs are enriched in promoter-regions of many polyadenylation factors and E2F enhances their expression | Upregulation of polyadenylation factors leading to 3′ UTR shortening | Elkon et al. (2012), Ji and Tian (2009) |
| Hu proteins | U-rich sequences | Inhibits CstF binding to the DSE at poly(A) sites containing U-rich sequences | Inhibit | Zhu et al. (2007) |
| NS1 (Influenza A virus protein) | None | Interacts with CPSF-30 and inhibits polyadenylation of host pre-mRNAs in infected cells | Inhibit | Nemeroff et al. (1998) |
| 14-3-3ε | None | Inhibits the PAP and redistributes it to the cytoplasm | Inhibit | Kim et al. (2003) |
| CSR1 | None | Redistributes CPSF-73 to the cytoplasm | Inhibit | Zhu et al. (2009) |
| IRBIT | None | In response to oxidative stress, IRBIT is phosphorylated, whereby it both inhibits PAP and redistributes the CPSF-subunit hFip1 to the cytoplasm | Inhibit | Kiefer et al. (2009) |
| p53 | None | In response to DNA damage, p53 complexes with BARD1 and CstF-50, lowering the free levels of CstF-50 | Inhibit | Nazeer et al. (2011) |
| BRCA1 | None | In response to DNA damage, BRCA1 complexes with BARD1 and CstF-50, lowering the free levels of CstF-50 | Inhibit | Kleiman and Manley (2001) |
| Cdc73 | None | Associates with CPSF-CstF complexes and stimulates polyadenylation of specific target genes | Enhance | Rozenblatt-Rosen et al. (2009) |
| HSF1 | None | In response to cellular stress, HSF1 complexes with symplekin and CstF-64 and enhances polyadenylation of Hsp70 | Enhance | Xing et al. (2004) |
| P54 | USE | Enhances polyadenylation | Enhance | Hall-Pogar et al. (2007) |
| p38 MAPK | None | In response to cellular stess, p38 MAPK phosphorylates RBPs blocking the USE, leading to their dissociation, and upregulates several polyadenylation factors, both events leading to enhanced polyadenylation | Enhance | Danckwardt et al. (2011) |
| T3 | None | T3 stimulates the nuclear polyadenylaiton step, mediated by PAP, increasing poly(A) tail length of P450R | Enhance | Liu and Waxman (2002) |
| FSH | None | Stimulates proximal poly(A) site usage in CREM gene | Enhance | Foulkes et al. (1993) |
| Estrogen | None | Induces 3′ UTR shortening of the DNA replication regulator CDC6 | Enhance | Akman et al. (2012) |