. 2013 Feb 18;34(5):605–611. doi: 10.1038/aps.2012.188

Table 1. Autophagy modulator in neurodegenerative disease models.

Autophagy inducer	Mechanism of action	Neurodegenerative disease models
Rapamycin	mTOR inhibition	Reduction of polyglutamine and polyalanine aggregation⁴⁵; Ameliorates polyglutamine aggregates and toxicity in animal models⁴⁶; Alpha-synuclein degradation⁴⁷; Ameliorates cognitive deficits and reduces amyloid-beta AD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease⁴⁸.
Small molecular enhancers (SMERs)	mTOR-independent	Mutant Huntingtin (Htt) and mutant A53T α-synuclein clearance⁴⁹.
Lithium	Inositol Monophosphatase Inhibition	Mutant Htt aggregation/toxicity amelioration⁴⁹.
N10-substituted phenoxazine	mTOR-independent	Decreased the accumulation of diffuse and aggregated Htt⁵⁰. Mutant Htt and α-synuclein reduction^51,52; Ameliorates dopaminergic and tau pathology⁵³;
Trehalose	mTOR-independent	Enhanced cellular degradation of prions⁵⁴.
Latrepirdine	mTOR-dependent	Improved learning behavior and reduction of Aβ42 and α-synuclein^55,56.
Corynoxine B	mTOR-independent, Beclin 1-indepent	WT and mutant α-synuclein reduction^57,58.
17-AAG	Unknown	Wild type and mutant α-synuclein reduction⁵⁹.