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. 2013 May 6;9:195–206. doi: 10.2147/VHRM.S29144

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© 2013 Kapur et al, publisher and licensee Dove Medical Press Ltd

This is an Open Access article which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, provided the original work is properly cited.

PMC Copyright notice

Canonical and noncanonical transforming growth factor beta-1/endoglin signaling in fibrosis.

Notes: On binding of transforming growth factor beta-1 to a heteromeric complex of receptors including type I, type II, and endoglin, downstream signaling via Smad-dependent or Smad-independent pathways occurs. Smad-3 promotes collagen synthesis by activating transforming growth factor beta-1 activated kinase or CTGF. Smad-3 can also directly activate collagen synthesis by binding a Smad-binding element within the collagen promoter. Noncanonical signaling can stimulate collagen synthesis via several mitogen-activated protein kinases including ERK, JNK, or p38 kinase.

Abbreviations: CTGF, connective tissue growth factor; ERK, extracellular regulated kinase; JNK, jun-n-terminal kinase; Eng, endoglin; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase.