. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Apr 17.

Published in final edited form as: Cell Host Microbe. 2013 Apr 17;13(4):379–393. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2013.03.010

Table 1.

Classification, properties and CNS entry routes of viruses that can cause nervous system infections.

Genome	Virus Family	N/E	Specifics	Viruses	CNS Entry
dsDNA	Adenoviridae	N		MAV-1	BBB; BMVECs
	Herpesviridae	E	Alphaherpesvirus	HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, PRV, BHV	sensory nerve endings, ORN
			Betaherpesvirus	HCMV	BBB; BMVECs
			Gammaherpesvirus	EBV	BBB; BMVECs
	Polyomaviridae	N		JCV	BBB; BMVECs
dsRNA	Reoviridae	N	mouse model	T3[¹]	BBB, peripheral nerve?
(+)ssRNA	Coronaviridae	E	mouse model	MHV[²]	peripheral nerve, ORN
	Flaviviridae	E	Hepacivirus	HCV^*	BBB, BMVECs
	Flaviviridae	E	zoonotic	WNV^, JEV^	peripheral nerve, BBB, ORN, BMVECs
	Picornaviridae	N	Enterovirus	Poliovirus^, EV71^	NMJs, BBB
	Picornaviridae	N	mouse model	TMEV[³]	BBB
	Togaviridae	E	zoonotic	CHIKV^*	ORN?
	Togaviridae	E	mouse model	SINV[⁴]	ORN
(−)ssRNA	Arenaviridae	E	zoonotic	LCMV	BBB
	Bornaviridae	E	zoonotic	BDV	ORN
	Bunyaviridae	E	zoonotic	LACV	ORN, BBB?
	Orthomyxoviridae	E	zoonotic	Influenza A^*	peripheral nerve, ORN
	Paramyxoviridae	E	Morbilivirus	MV	BBB
			Rubulavirus	MuV	BBB
			Henipavirus (zoonotic)	HeV^, Nipah^	BBB, ORN?
	Rhabdoviridae	E	zoonotic	RabV, VSV	NMJs, ORN
ssRNA-RT	Retroviridae	E	Lentivirus	HIV^, HTLV*	BBB

ds: double stranded/ ss: single stranded, E:enveloped/ N: naked, *: emerging virus, ORN: olfactory receptor neuron, RT: reverse transcriptase, MHV: mouse hepatitis virus.

^1.

Richardson-Burns, S.M., D.J. Kominsky, and K.L Tyler, Reovirus-induced neuronal apoptosis is mediated by caspase 3 and is associated with the activation of death receptors. J Neurovirol, 2002. 8(5): p. 365-80.

^2.

Bergmann, C.C., T.E. Lane, and S.A. Stohlman, Coronavirus infection of the central nervous system: host-virus stand-off. Nat Rev Microbiol, 2006. 4(2): p. 121-32.

^3.

Tsunoda, I. and R.S. Fujinami, Neuropathogenesis of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection, an animal model for multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol, 2010. 5(3): p. 355-69.

^4.

Metcalf, T.U. and D.E. Griffin, Alphavirus-induced encephalomyelitis: antibody-secreting cells and viral clearance from the nervous system. J Virol, 2011. 85(21): p. 11490-501.