Table 1.
Comparison of demographic and clinical characteristics (n = 50 per group).
| Parameters | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 54.68 ± 6.47 | 55.66 ± 5.12 | 56.36 ± 3.97 | 56.98 ± 2.69 |
| Female/male | 27/23 | 28/22 | 25/25 | 26/24 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | — | 7.3 ± 1.6 | 7.5 ± 1.8 | 7.7 ± 1.4 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.24 ± 1.22 | 24.78 ± 1.50 | 24.54 ± 1.72 | 24.92 ± 1.66 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.46 ± 0.39 | 1.41 ± 0.11 | 1.38 ± 0.15 | 1.43 ± 0.10 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.48 ± 0.13 | 4.49 ± 0.48 | 4.58 ± 0.48 | 4.53 ± 0.55 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.31 ± 0.14 | 1.29 ± 0.19 | 1.25 ± 0.20 | 1.26 ± 0.21 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.39 ± 0.63 | 1.47 ± 0.87 | 1.55 ± 0.93 | 1.67 ± 1.01 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 122.92 ± 9.16 | 124.08 ± 6.87 | 123.36 ± 9.81 | 124.52 ± 5.61 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 76.90 ± 4.13 | 77.10 ± 5.13 | 77.72 ± 5.64 | 78.04 ± 4.62 |
| Microalbuminuria (mg/24 h) | 8.82 ± 1.49 | 14.83 ± 3.27 | 96.73 ± 41.56∗,† | 247.67 ± 24.01∗,†,# |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 4.96 ± 0.63 | 6.34 ± 0.74* | 6.37 ± 0.82* | 6.39 ± 0.76* |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.93 ± 0.74 | 7.11 ± 0.50* | 7.12 ± 0.63* | 7.12 ± 0.61* |
Mean ± standard deviation (SD), *P < .001 versus Group 1, † P < .001 versus Group 2, and # P < .001 versus Group 3.