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. 2013 Jan 26;1(1):86–93. doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2012.11.009

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© 2013 The Authors

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Fig. 1 — Chemical structures of TPP⁺ derivatives. (A–C) TPMP, BTPP, and DTPP are control TPP⁺ derivatives used to distinguish the effects of the antioxidant functional group versus the targeting moiety and the alkyl linker chain. (D–F) MitoQ, MitoTempol, and MitoE are TPP⁺ derivatives comprised of functional antioxidant groups.