Fig. 3.

Acute effects of TPMP, BTPP, and DTPP on oxygen consumption rate (OCR). MES-13 cells were seeded in a Seahorse XF-24 plate at 30,000 cells per well for 24 h. Cellular media was replaced with low-buffered DMEM media prior to the assay and allowed to equilibrate for 1 h at 37 °C. Basal OCR measurements were made followed by injection of (A) TPMP (0.1 μM or 1 μM), (B) BTPP (1 μM), or (C) DTPP (1 μM). After assessing the acute effects of the TPP⁺ controls, oligomycin (1 μg/mL), FCCP (2 μM), and AA (10 μM) were injected. Data is expressed as a percent relative to the basal OCR rate before TPMP, BTPP, or DTPP injection. All data shown are mean±SEM, n=3–5 group.