Table 3.
Descriptive statistics on each executive function task by language group (raw scores)
| Task | Language group
|
||
|---|---|---|---|
| Bilingual (n = 12) | Immersion (n = 21) | Control (n = 17) | |
| Visually Cued Recall (final score) | |||
| Mean (SD) | 23.33 (10.13) | 17.9 (7.16) | 24.00 (9.82) |
| Range | 5–38 | 7–32 | 6–40 |
| C-TONI (total standard score) | |||
| Mean (SD) | 20.36 (4.88) | 21.52 (3.31) | 22.06 (4.74) |
| Range | 14–32 | 13–28 | 10–28 |
| KRISP (accuracy) | |||
| Mean (SD) | 39.25 (2.83) | 39.1 (2.98) | 39.41 (3.57) |
| Range | 35–43 | 33–45 | 30–44 |
| Dimensional Change Card Sort Advanced (post-switch incongruent trials correct) | |||
| Mean (SD) | 2.27 (.91) | 2.69 (1.01) | 2.41 (1.06) |
| Range | 1–4 | 1–4 | 0–4 |
| Simon Says (anti-imitation trial total correct) | |||
| Mean (SD) | 7.25 (5.06) | 7.95 (4.71) | 10.35 (2.89) |
| Range | 0–13 | 0–15 | 4–15 |
| Attention Network Task (incongruent flanker trial accuracy) | |||
| Mean (SD) | .71 (.22) | .77 (.19) | .84 (.15) |
| Range | .36–1.0 | .5–1.0 | .45–1.0 |
| Statue (total interval score) | |||
| Mean (SD) | 12.64 (2.87) | 13.06 (2.41) | 13.35 (2.03) |
| Range | 7–16 | 9–17 | 8–15 |
| Delay of Gratification (RT to first touch in seconds) | |||
| Mean (SD) | 354 (181.63) | 383 (162.14) | 437 (104.22) |
| Range | 0–480 | 8–480 | 107–480 |
| Gift Delay (touch score) | |||
| Mean (SD) | 3.27 (1.35) | 3.65 (1.22) | 3.53 (.87) |
| Range | 1–5 | 2–5 | 2–5 |
Note: Bilingual n = 12; Immersion n = 21; Control n = 17.