Table 4.

Performance on executive function measures by group, controlling for age, verbal ability, and parent education

Task/Variable	Language group			F	Effect size η²
Task/Variable	Bilingual	Immersion	Control	F	Effect size η²
Composite test scores (z)
EF Composite	.46 (.13)	−.19 (.08)	−.02 (.08)	7.23^**	.28
Individual tasks
Visually Cued Recall	30.91 (3.40)	17.25 (2.11)	21.67 (2.05)	4.69^*	.20
Advanced DCCS	3.26 (.35)	2.52 (.22)	2.12 (.21)	3.49^*	.16
C-TONI	25.38 (1.57)	20.34 (.98)	20.62 (.95)	3.34^*	.15
Simon Says	9.29 (1.83)	6.94 (1.14)	10.31 (1.11)	2.25	.11
ANT	.83 (.07)	.72 (.04)	.82 (.04)	1.75	.08
KRISP	40.80 (1.20)	39.12 (.75)	38.29 (.72)	1.49	.07
Delay of Gratification	439.02 (65.4)	348.33 (40.6)	416.38 (39.5)	0.91	.05
Statue	12.95 (.97)	13.37 (.60)	12.87 (.59)	0.19	.01
Gift Delay	3.62 (.44)	3.42 (.27)	3.48 (.27)	0.06	.00

Note: Bilingual n = 12; Immersion n = 21; Control n = 17. Means are estimated after controlling for age in months, verbal ability (Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test scores), and parent education levels using ANCOVA.

^**

p < .01;

p < .05;

^†

p < .10.