Table 3. Exposure to Traumatic Events in Sao Paulo (SP) and Rio de Janeiro (RJ), 2007–2008*.
| Lifetime prevalence | 12-month prevalence | |||||||
| Traumatic events | SP | RJ | SP | RJ | ||||
| % (95%CI) | % (95%CI) | P value | % (95%CI) | % (95%CI) | P value | |||
| Assaultive violence | 59.4 (57.0–61.8) | 63.8 (60.8–66.90 | 0.024 | 9.5 (8.0–11.0) | 11.4 (9.5–13.3) | 0.115 | ||
| War experience | 0.5 (0.01–8.9) | 1.1 (0.5–1.7) | 0.104 | 0 | 0.08 (0.0–2.4) | 0.114 | ||
| Being attacked without weapon | 21.8 (19.7–23.8) | 24.6 (22.0–27.3) | 0.093 | 1.0 (0.5–1.5) | 2.5 (1.5–3.4) | 0.005 | ||
| Being attacked with weapon | 28.8 (26.6–31.0) | 33.1 (30.2–36.1) | 0.020 | 2.5 (1.7–3.2) | 2.4 (1.5–3.3) | 0.946 | ||
| Being kidnapped, or held captive | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) | 1.5 (0.8–2.3) | 0.048 | 0.1 (0.0–0.3) | 0.08 (0.0–0.2) | 0.840 | ||
| Fast kidnap† | 2.0 (1.2–2.8) | 0.7 (0.2–1.2) | 0.010 | 0.02 (0.0–0.6) | 0 | 0.528 | ||
| Torture/terrorism | 0.8 (0.3–1.2) | 2.2 (1.3–3.1) | 0.003 | 0.1 (0.0–0.3) | 0.2 (0.0–0.4) | 0.814 | ||
| Death threats | 12.1 (10.5–13.7) | 11.9 (9.8–13.9) | 0.857 | 2.3 (1.5–3.1) | 2.3 (1.4–3.2) | 0.939 | ||
| Conflict between gangs/drug dealers‡ | 1.2 (0.7–1.8) | 3.0 (1.9–4.0) | 0.002 | 0.3 (0.0–0.7) | 0.6 (0.1–1.1) | 0.324 | ||
| Rape | 1.3 (0.8–1.8) | 2.3 (1.4–3.3) | 0.044 | 0 | 0.008 (0.0–0.2) | 0.114 | ||
| Sexual molestation | 2.5 (1.8–3.3) | 4.9 (3.5–6.2) | 0.001 | 0.004 (0.0–0.1) | 0.02 (0.0–0.4) | 0.219 | ||
| Being beaten-up by parents/relatives | 7.3 (6.1–8.6) | 9.1 (7.2–10.8) | 0.107 | 0.06 (0.2–1.0) | 0.4 (0.1–0.7) | 0.459 | ||
| Being beaten-up by an intimate partner | 6.8 (5.6–8.0) | 6.8 (5.3–8.4) | 0.992 | 0.9 (0.5–1.4) | 0.9 (0.4–1.4) | 0.885 | ||
| Being beaten-up by anyone else than family/partner | 3.7 (2.8–4.6) | 4.2 (3.0–5.3) | 0.523 | 0.2 (0.0 −1–0.4) | 0.3 (0.02–0.6) | 0.595 | ||
| Having one’s house broken into while at home | 9.0 (7.6–10.5) | 7.3 (5.7–8.9) | 0.128 | 1.2 (0.7–1.8) | 0.8 (0.2–1.3) | 0.242 | ||
| Blackmailing telephone calls | 8.7 (7.2–10.1) | 12.0 (10.0–14.0) | 0.006 | 3.0 (2.1–3.8) | 3.4 (2.3–4.4) | 0.584 | ||
| Other injury or shocking events | 72.7 (70/7–75.0) | 79.0 (75.9–81.9) | <0.001 | 12.8 (11.1–14.4) | 23.7 (21.0–26.4) | <0.001 | ||
| Car/motorcycle accident | 18.1 (16.2–20.0) | 17.4 (15.0–19.7) | 0.645 | 1.3 (0.7–1.8) | 1.5 (0.7–2.3) | 0.625 | ||
| Accidents other than car/motorcycle | 5.3 (4.2–6.4) | 7.1 (5.4–8.7) | 0.070 | 0.4 (0.1–0.8) | 0.5 (0.04–1.0) | 0.836 | ||
| Fire, flood, natural disaster | 7.5 (6.2–8.9) | 10.3 (8.4–12.3) | 0.016 | 0.9 (0.3–1.4) | 0.6 (0.1–1.0) | 0.375 | ||
| Witnessing someone being killing or injured | 27.1 (24.9–29.3) | 28.2 (25.4–31.1) | 0.524 | 3.4 (2.5–4.3) | 4.4 (3.1–5.7) | 0.222 | ||
| Witnessing bank robbery | 7.0 (5.6–8.3) | 7.1 (5.5–8.8) | 0.875 | 0.8 (0.3–1.3) | 0.8 (0.2–1.4) | 0.973 | ||
| Witnessing a shoot-out or being victim of stray bullet | 16.1 (14.3–17.9) | 29.4 (26.5–32.2) | <0.001 | 2.0 (1,3–2.7) | 11.7 (9.6–13.8) | <0.001 | ||
| Witnessing domestic violence during childhood¥ | 16.2 (14.5–18.0) | 17.5 (15.1–19.8) | 0.404 | 0.3 (0.0–0.6) | 0.0 | 0.223 | ||
| Having one’s house broken into while not at home | 14.2 (12.4–15.9) | 10.4 (8.5–12.3) | 0.006 | 1.2 (0.6–1.7) | 1.5 (0.7–2.3) | 0.486 | ||
| Seeing or touching a corpse | 31.0 (28.7–33.3) | 37.5 (34.4–40.5) | 0.001 | 4.6 (3.6–5.6) | 10.3 (8.4–12.3) | <0.001 | ||
| Witnessing atrocities, slaughter, massacre | 7.7 (6.4–9.0) | 11.5 (9.6–13.4) | 0.001 | 1.0 (0.5–1.5) | 2.2 (1.3–3.1) | 0.014 | ||
| Human-made disaster | 2.2 (1.5–3.0) | 4.3 (3.0–5.6) | 0.004 | 0.4 (0.02–0.7) | 0.4 (0.0–0.9) | 0.782 | ||
| Witnessing crime organizations’ attacksΔ | 25.2 (23.1–27.4) | 26.7 (23.9–29.5) | 0.417 | 0.4 (0.2–0.5) | 1.1 (0.4–1.7) | 0.003 | ||
| Sudden death/life-threatening illness of a close person | 47.1 (44.6–50.0) | 49.7 (46.6–52.9) | 0.194 | 4.7 (3.7–5.7) | 7.4 (5.7–9.0) | 0.004 | ||
| Sudden unexpected death of a close person | 42.2 (39.8–44.6) | 45.1 (42.0–48.2) | 0.150 | 3.8 (2.8–4.7) | 6.8 (5.2–8.2) | <0.001 | ||
| Child with life-threatening illness or injury | 9.6 (8.2–11.0) | 9.1 (7.3–11.0) | 0.702 | 1.0 (0.5–1.5) | 0.8 (0.2–1.3) | 0.579 | ||
| Any traumatic event | 86.0 (84.4–87.7) | 88.7 (86.7–90.6) | 0.055 | 21.7 (19.6–23.7) | 35.1 (32.1–38.1) | <0.001 | ||
*
Prevalence estimates presented are weighted estimates.
†
In the fast kidnap the person is kidnaped and held captive for several hours to withdraw cash form ATMs.
‡
Conflicts between gangs/drug dealers refer to fights between rival groups, usually to control drug traffic areas in the slams.
¥
This includes events that occurred up to 12 years of age.
Δ
In 2006 and 2007, crime organizations perpetrated a series of random gunshots, depredations and bus-burnings in the two cities.