Table 3. Exposure to Traumatic Events in Sao Paulo (SP) and Rio de Janeiro (RJ), 2007–2008*.
Lifetime prevalence | 12-month prevalence | |||||||
Traumatic events | SP | RJ | SP | RJ | ||||
% (95%CI) | % (95%CI) | P value | % (95%CI) | % (95%CI) | P value | |||
Assaultive violence | 59.4 (57.0–61.8) | 63.8 (60.8–66.90 | 0.024 | 9.5 (8.0–11.0) | 11.4 (9.5–13.3) | 0.115 | ||
War experience | 0.5 (0.01–8.9) | 1.1 (0.5–1.7) | 0.104 | 0 | 0.08 (0.0–2.4) | 0.114 | ||
Being attacked without weapon | 21.8 (19.7–23.8) | 24.6 (22.0–27.3) | 0.093 | 1.0 (0.5–1.5) | 2.5 (1.5–3.4) | 0.005 | ||
Being attacked with weapon | 28.8 (26.6–31.0) | 33.1 (30.2–36.1) | 0.020 | 2.5 (1.7–3.2) | 2.4 (1.5–3.3) | 0.946 | ||
Being kidnapped, or held captive | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) | 1.5 (0.8–2.3) | 0.048 | 0.1 (0.0–0.3) | 0.08 (0.0–0.2) | 0.840 | ||
Fast kidnap† | 2.0 (1.2–2.8) | 0.7 (0.2–1.2) | 0.010 | 0.02 (0.0–0.6) | 0 | 0.528 | ||
Torture/terrorism | 0.8 (0.3–1.2) | 2.2 (1.3–3.1) | 0.003 | 0.1 (0.0–0.3) | 0.2 (0.0–0.4) | 0.814 | ||
Death threats | 12.1 (10.5–13.7) | 11.9 (9.8–13.9) | 0.857 | 2.3 (1.5–3.1) | 2.3 (1.4–3.2) | 0.939 | ||
Conflict between gangs/drug dealers‡ | 1.2 (0.7–1.8) | 3.0 (1.9–4.0) | 0.002 | 0.3 (0.0–0.7) | 0.6 (0.1–1.1) | 0.324 | ||
Rape | 1.3 (0.8–1.8) | 2.3 (1.4–3.3) | 0.044 | 0 | 0.008 (0.0–0.2) | 0.114 | ||
Sexual molestation | 2.5 (1.8–3.3) | 4.9 (3.5–6.2) | 0.001 | 0.004 (0.0–0.1) | 0.02 (0.0–0.4) | 0.219 | ||
Being beaten-up by parents/relatives | 7.3 (6.1–8.6) | 9.1 (7.2–10.8) | 0.107 | 0.06 (0.2–1.0) | 0.4 (0.1–0.7) | 0.459 | ||
Being beaten-up by an intimate partner | 6.8 (5.6–8.0) | 6.8 (5.3–8.4) | 0.992 | 0.9 (0.5–1.4) | 0.9 (0.4–1.4) | 0.885 | ||
Being beaten-up by anyone else than family/partner | 3.7 (2.8–4.6) | 4.2 (3.0–5.3) | 0.523 | 0.2 (0.0 −1–0.4) | 0.3 (0.02–0.6) | 0.595 | ||
Having one’s house broken into while at home | 9.0 (7.6–10.5) | 7.3 (5.7–8.9) | 0.128 | 1.2 (0.7–1.8) | 0.8 (0.2–1.3) | 0.242 | ||
Blackmailing telephone calls | 8.7 (7.2–10.1) | 12.0 (10.0–14.0) | 0.006 | 3.0 (2.1–3.8) | 3.4 (2.3–4.4) | 0.584 | ||
Other injury or shocking events | 72.7 (70/7–75.0) | 79.0 (75.9–81.9) | <0.001 | 12.8 (11.1–14.4) | 23.7 (21.0–26.4) | <0.001 | ||
Car/motorcycle accident | 18.1 (16.2–20.0) | 17.4 (15.0–19.7) | 0.645 | 1.3 (0.7–1.8) | 1.5 (0.7–2.3) | 0.625 | ||
Accidents other than car/motorcycle | 5.3 (4.2–6.4) | 7.1 (5.4–8.7) | 0.070 | 0.4 (0.1–0.8) | 0.5 (0.04–1.0) | 0.836 | ||
Fire, flood, natural disaster | 7.5 (6.2–8.9) | 10.3 (8.4–12.3) | 0.016 | 0.9 (0.3–1.4) | 0.6 (0.1–1.0) | 0.375 | ||
Witnessing someone being killing or injured | 27.1 (24.9–29.3) | 28.2 (25.4–31.1) | 0.524 | 3.4 (2.5–4.3) | 4.4 (3.1–5.7) | 0.222 | ||
Witnessing bank robbery | 7.0 (5.6–8.3) | 7.1 (5.5–8.8) | 0.875 | 0.8 (0.3–1.3) | 0.8 (0.2–1.4) | 0.973 | ||
Witnessing a shoot-out or being victim of stray bullet | 16.1 (14.3–17.9) | 29.4 (26.5–32.2) | <0.001 | 2.0 (1,3–2.7) | 11.7 (9.6–13.8) | <0.001 | ||
Witnessing domestic violence during childhood¥ | 16.2 (14.5–18.0) | 17.5 (15.1–19.8) | 0.404 | 0.3 (0.0–0.6) | 0.0 | 0.223 | ||
Having one’s house broken into while not at home | 14.2 (12.4–15.9) | 10.4 (8.5–12.3) | 0.006 | 1.2 (0.6–1.7) | 1.5 (0.7–2.3) | 0.486 | ||
Seeing or touching a corpse | 31.0 (28.7–33.3) | 37.5 (34.4–40.5) | 0.001 | 4.6 (3.6–5.6) | 10.3 (8.4–12.3) | <0.001 | ||
Witnessing atrocities, slaughter, massacre | 7.7 (6.4–9.0) | 11.5 (9.6–13.4) | 0.001 | 1.0 (0.5–1.5) | 2.2 (1.3–3.1) | 0.014 | ||
Human-made disaster | 2.2 (1.5–3.0) | 4.3 (3.0–5.6) | 0.004 | 0.4 (0.02–0.7) | 0.4 (0.0–0.9) | 0.782 | ||
Witnessing crime organizations’ attacksΔ | 25.2 (23.1–27.4) | 26.7 (23.9–29.5) | 0.417 | 0.4 (0.2–0.5) | 1.1 (0.4–1.7) | 0.003 | ||
Sudden death/life-threatening illness of a close person | 47.1 (44.6–50.0) | 49.7 (46.6–52.9) | 0.194 | 4.7 (3.7–5.7) | 7.4 (5.7–9.0) | 0.004 | ||
Sudden unexpected death of a close person | 42.2 (39.8–44.6) | 45.1 (42.0–48.2) | 0.150 | 3.8 (2.8–4.7) | 6.8 (5.2–8.2) | <0.001 | ||
Child with life-threatening illness or injury | 9.6 (8.2–11.0) | 9.1 (7.3–11.0) | 0.702 | 1.0 (0.5–1.5) | 0.8 (0.2–1.3) | 0.579 | ||
Any traumatic event | 86.0 (84.4–87.7) | 88.7 (86.7–90.6) | 0.055 | 21.7 (19.6–23.7) | 35.1 (32.1–38.1) | <0.001 |
Prevalence estimates presented are weighted estimates.
In the fast kidnap the person is kidnaped and held captive for several hours to withdraw cash form ATMs.
Conflicts between gangs/drug dealers refer to fights between rival groups, usually to control drug traffic areas in the slams.
This includes events that occurred up to 12 years of age.
In 2006 and 2007, crime organizations perpetrated a series of random gunshots, depredations and bus-burnings in the two cities.