In vivo transgene expression from hydrogel-filled polylactide-glycolide scaffolds as a function of time. (a) Hydrogel (collagen, fibrin, or alginate) precursors were mixed with a lentivirus encoding for the reporter gene luciferase, loaded into the pores of a PLG scaffold, and implanted in the fat pad of mice. Transgene expression was then measured using an in vivo bioluminesence imaging. Letters indicate statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) compared to (a) alginate or (c) collagen analyzed by a Kruskal–Wallis test (n= 3). (b) Representative bioluminescence images from scaffolds at 3 and 14 days post-implantation. Reprinted with permission from Springer Science+Business Media: Drug Del Transl Res, Hydrogels to modulate lentivirus delivery in vivo from microporous tissue engineering scaffolds, 1, 2011, 91–101, Aviles MO, Shea LD, Figure 4.